HOW IT WAS! KUNSAN AIRBASE OTHER UNITS (1951-1954) 76th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) Battalion (AW) (SP) (Aug 51-Sept 53) 30th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) Battalion (Sep 53-Sept 54)

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The 76th AAA Settles In: December 1952

"I joined the 76th AAA AW Bn (SP) at K-8 Air Base just before Christmas 1952 and was assigned to 4th Section, 1st Platoon, Battery C as section chief (I was a SFC E-6) and lived with the first squad (C-141) which was equipped with a Multiple Machine Gun Motor Carriage M-16 (Quad-50). The squad was sited on the off-base side of the airstrip. The other M-16 squad of the section (C-142) was sited about 500 years away to the west near the railroad spur and the cement warehouse. I was one of the first white NCOs to come to the 76th as an individual replacement after the battalion was integrated.

Your map of K-8 doesn't show the seven AA positions of the 1st Platoon along the off-base side of the airstrip, the railroad spur, the cement warehouse, or the C-142 position between the spur and the fence and perimeter road. The second platoon was sited off the base to the south and west. The battery headquarters was located near the area shown on your map as the 808th Aviation Engineer area.

I don't remember the battery commander's name, but the 1st Sgt was Cager A. Parsons. The Bn. CO was Lt. Col. David Y. Nanny (sp?), a West Point graduate. The battery commander rotated shortly after I got there and was replaced by 1st Lt. Jack Younce. I can't recall the platoon leader's name, but the platoon sergeant was named Daniels.

Each of the two line platoons had four sections with two squads each. Three of the sections had one squad with a single 40mm Bofors automatic cannon mounted on an open rear platform of a modified M3 half-track. This was a "field expedient" weapon, probably made at the Tokyo Ordnance Depot to replace the M15A1 which was being withdrawn for issue to the Japanese Self Defense Force, and no Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M19 (twin 40mm guns on a M24 tank chassis) were available for replacements. The second squad of each section and the first squad of the fourth section were equipped with the Multiple Machine Gun Motor Carriage M16A1, a quad .50 MG turret mounted on a M3 half-track.

At the end of January 1953, I was sent to the Light AA Platoon Sergeant's course at the Far East AAA Specialist School at Hioshi, Japan, and was gone about five weeks. There were quite a few changes in the officers and NCOs, mostly due to rotation, while I was gone. Also, after fifty years, a lot of names have been forgotten.

I had graduated first in the class at the Light AA Platoon Sgt.'s course, but didn't say anything about that when I returned to my unit. About three weeks after I was called in to the battery CP and was told that the Battalion Commander wanted me to report as his "NCO Assistant", an unofficial position he had for top three grade NCOs who had not performed to his expectations. The reason I was chosen for this "honor" was that I had graduated first in the class. He didn't find out about it until a letter of commendation came down through channels. I was the first NCO Assistant chosen because of something good instead of bad! I stayed in the position for two weeks instead of the usual one week and spent most of the time doing various "go-fer" tasks.

Shortly after I returned to the battery, Daniels, the platoon sergeant, rotated, and I was made platoon sergeant of the first platoon. The platoon leader was 1st Lt. DeNault. The platoon spent the time maintaining equipment and training. We had to keep an "air guard" on the tracks at all times during daylight hours and a roving guard at night. One of the guard's duties was to make the regular telephone line checks which, if not made, resulted in a visit from the platoon leader or sergeant, mainly the latter in the wee hours. Keeping the men in the squads motivated was a full-time job for both the platoon leader and platoon sergeant.

Since the battery was across the airstrip from the main portion of the base, we had no water except what was hauled in by water trailer or, if we were extremely lucky, by tank truck. In order to take a shower, we had to go over to the main base, usually by walking, and use the showers at Headquarters Battery. I got the platoon leader to get a couple of bottles of whiskey (officers could get it at the officers' club), and I was able to trade them for eight unused but condemned aircraft wingtip tanks and the necessary plumbing to make a shower for each of the gun squads. During the day the water in the tanks got quite warm from the sun, so a hot but short shower was available. In the mornings, the showers were cold.

During this period we conducted an annual service practice at the beach, firing over the Yellow Sea. One of the 40mm guns had a muzzle burst due to a defective round which blew off a piece of the flashhider that cut the throat of a man on an adjacent track, killing him instantly.

A couple of rather exciting events occurred during the hot weather. The asphalt on the airstrip would get soft from the sun, and when the pilots tried to apply their brakes on landing, they thought their brakes had failed. They would gun their engines to gain airspeed and get airborne enough to jump the crash ditch on "our" side of the strip and belly land near one of our gun positions. The battalion had a standing order that our men were not to go near the crashed F-84., but when one crashed near one of the gun positions at the north end of the strip and started burning, one of the men ran over and pulled the unconscious pilot out of the plane and to safety. The Air Force wanted to give the man a medal, but the battalion commander wanted to court-martial him for disobeying the order. The result was a draw: no medal, no court martial.

On another occasion, late in the afternoon, a F-84 jumped the ditch and crash landed near squad C-131 near the center of the strip. The plane was pointed directly at the squad tent, about 100 yards away. When the crash crew got the uninjured pilot out of the plane and insured there was no fire danger, all the Air Force people started to leave. I asked the Airdrome Office of the Day, a young 2nd Lt., if the machine guns were unloaded, he told me not to worry about it. I told him that I'd like him to check them because they were pointed right at the tent. After a discussion in which I told him I wouldn't let him leave until the guns were checked, he checked the guns, which were still loaded. A short circuit would have fired the guns at the tent until they ran out of ammunition. Needless to say, the guns were unloaded.

On the last day of the Korean War, we witnessed the crash of a F-84 fighter-bomber returning from its last mission against the North Korean and Chinese forces. The plane had been apparently hit by ground fire, and one wingtip tank came off when the pilot made a turn over the main base preparing for a landing. The plane crashed in a small grove of trees near the area where all the fuel trucks were parked. The pilot had no chance to eject and was killed in the crash.

Life at K-8:

During the summers at Kunsan, the weather could be blistering hot and everything was dust. There was very little grass around and only a few scrub pines on the base provided some shade. Everywhere there was that pungent smell of the "night soil" used to fertilize the rice fields. Water for showers -- and toilets -- was very sporadic up until 1953 when the connection to Okku Reservoir was made. Of course, hot water was only found in the mess tents for rinsing the mess kits. Hot showers were non-existent. Electricity was also very sporadic as it was provided by the Kunsan electric generator and it was constantly going offline. As only major facilities had back up auxiliary power units, "brown outs" were very common during the early years.

During the rainy season, everything turned into a mudbath. "Duck walks" were constructed in company areas in the tent city, but everywhere else in was a mudhole. At times there was flooding that caused people to be evacuated to the high ground. The PX had limited supplies of everything. For example, radios were sold by lottery. (For a description of base facilities, go to How It Was: 1954 and Now.)

Each unit had their own messing facilities with their own cooks and mess tents. However, the food left much to be desired. All the food had be brought in by train from Pusan. As the people were desperately poor, there were constant attempts to sneak through the perimeter and steal goods on base. Security by the Korean Army guarding the base was very simple. They were executed on the spot as communists. In fact, up until the Armistice, the folks were restricted to base because of the Communist activities in the area. During early 1951, the Communists actually shelled the base from an off-shore island -- which was a bad move as the island was instantly napalmed. Up until 1953, anyone going off base went under armed guard. All in all, Kunsan AB was not a nice place to be stationed.

Wes Jacobson, an F-84 pilot with the 474th FBG in early 1953, wrote about meeting a fellow from his hometown at K-8. He wrote, "When I was there, at the PX I ran into an Army Private from one of the Anti-Aircraft Gun enplacements that were on the base that was from my home town in western Minnesota that had about 1000 people in it and he was one year behind me in high school and we played on the same HS Football team. He had been drafted and lived in a tent that was just west of our barracks area and across that North-south runway area we talk about, toward the seacoast. I used to walk over there and visit him every so often because our fathers were good friends also." Later he wrote, "I found a picture of the tent that my friend from the AAA Bn lived in. I first met him in the PX and we had no idea we were at the same base. He was a couple years behind me in High School but we played football together on the same team and won the conference championship my junior and senior year. His name is Lars Jurgenson."

Ed Moyaghn of the 90th Bomb Squadron (between mid-51 thru May 52) wrote as a side note that he drank beer with Bobby White's 1st Sgt (accompanied by his dog) at the "Rocker Club" (a tent). Humorously, Ed mentioned that the 76th AAA ran the all-night crap game at the NCO club. Ron Harbison, a Marine flyer with the VMF(N)-513, also remembered the unit's activities at the NCO club. He said, "All I remember about the AAA outfit at K-8 was that it was all black...I think. Every night they would be in the AF NCO club shooting dice. Never any trouble." From this we can infer that there were no conflicts with the AAA personnel -- unlike with the VMF(N)-513 Marines who were later banned from the K-8 officer and NCO clubs.

Though the duty of the 76th AAA was probably very routine and mundane, there were high points when they aided in rescue efforts for crashed aircraft. Ed also contributed a story about the valor of one of these 76th AAA troops who aided in a rescue attempt on a burning aircraft loaded with bombs. He wrote, "When Moyer went in [just over the fence line] Corporal John F. Collier RA 16303427, "A" Battery 76AAA, Battalian [SP] got major injuries to his back from Shrapnel from a 500lb. GP bomb exploading while aiding in the rescue." (NOTE: Ed is talking about Lt Col Moyer, the 90th Bomb Squadron Commander, whose aircraft crashed and burned on the mudflats at the end of the runway. The aircraft had a full load of fuel and bombs aboard which made the catastrophe that much more dangerous. Col Moyer was badly burned and died from his injuries.)

John W. Colburn commented on the life at K-8. When the 808th EAB moved out of their command post to go to Okinawa (after being relieved by the 841st EAB), the 76th AAA took over the Command Post. John stated, "They left quite a bit of building material around the CP, planning to move it later, but a lot of it "migrated" to our gun sites. Strange things happened in wartime."

John went on, "If the AAA outfits had to exist on what they were authorized by the TO&E, they'd have been living in pup tents and sleeping on the ground. We were issued squad tents, canvas cots, and footlockers, but most everything else we had to beg, borrow, or scrounge (that's a better word than "steal"). After the 76th had been at K-8 for a year or so, the tents had wood floors and frames and were lined with salvaged bomb boxes that were decorated by "painting" them with a blow torch to partially char the wood. Most of the men built shelves for personal items. Some of the tents even had screen doors and screened sides to get ventilation without too many bugs. We had two potbellied stoves for each tent that normally burned diesel fuel, but my C-141 squad was right by one of the aviation fuel dumps, and usually a 55-gallon drum of JP-4 would "migrate" over and get confused with the diesel fuel for the stoves. We never had electricity, so the only light we had in the tents was from Coleman lanterns if we had mantles or candles. We got pretty proficient at making new candles from the wax drippings from old candles."

John said, "The revetments for the halftracks were made by stacking 55-gal drums filled with dirt two high around the sides and rear of the track. Then a couple layers of sandbags were placed on top of the drums and dirt was pushed up on the out side. There was a smaller revetment for the ammunition trailer right next to the track revetment, and a storage "room" on the other side of the track revetment. All of these were within the dirt on the sides. The front of the revetment was laid up with sandbags. When we could get pierced steel plate (PSP, the steel planks with holes in it that was used to make air strips in WWII and the early days in Korea), planks of it were placed under the track and wheels of the halftrack and the area in front of the revetment was "paved" with it to keep the track and the men from sinking in the mud in the spring and when it rained."

John commented on the field latrines used by his section. "Sanitary facilities were primitive to say the least. A length of three or four inch pipe stuck in the ground at a slight angle and about "crotch" high served as a urinal. The other facility was an outhouse using a half of a 55-gal drum for the "night soil." Periodically a Korean would come and empty the drum into his honey wagon to be used as fertilizer. It was an odiferous process."

John continued, "My C-142 squad was located across the railroad spur from the cement warehouse, and the Korean laborers would come across to use the outhouse. The Koreans would squat over the hole with their muddy shoes on the seat and about half the time would make a deposit on the back of the seat. This was disgusting and certainly unauthorized since the Koreans were not supposed to come near our gun positions. I told the young Air Force Lt who was in charge of the warehouse to keep his laborers away from our position including the outhouse. When he told me he did think he could do that, I told him I would assume that the next time I saw one on our side of the railroad spur, I'd assume he was a guerrilla infiltrator intending to sabotage our equipment, and I'd shoot him. A couple days later a Korean came across the track, and I fired a burst of three rounds with a M2 Carbine in his general direction, He took the hint and beat it back to the warehouse. I called the incident in to the battery CP and told the Battery Commander that I'd scared off an infiltrator. When the AF Lt came over to raise hell, I told them I'd reported it and the BC said I'd done the right thing. No more Koreans used our outhouse again."

John also related a humorous incident dealing with the training of the 14th Trans Port Com at Kunsan Harbor. He stated, "A sidelight you might find interesting: Shortly before the Armistice, the CO of the 14th Transportation Port Bn at the Port of Kunsan decided they needed antiaircraft protection for the port. I was sent into Kunsan twice a week for four weeks to teach the crews who were to operate the cal. .50 machine guns in M63 machine gun AA mounts, a single machine gun in each mount that was about waist high with two sets of hand grips so the gunner could fire at aircraft without getting down on his knees. One the last day of the training, we took the guns up on the hill behind the port and let each gunner fire a burst out over the bay. We didn't realize it until too late, but that was the anniversary of the start of the Korean War and the local people were having a rally in a park below the hill, and we had fired the guns over their heads. There was no danger to the people, but it sure quieted the rally and embarrassed both the Port Commander and me." (For more details on this unit go to 14th Trans Port Com.)

Armando Vasquez of San Antonio, Texas, formerly a Corporal in the 76th AAA, C131 site, added his comments to John Colburn's about life at K-8. He wrote:

I promised to myself that I would try to forget about my stay in Korea as soon as I got off the ship heading home, which I did till now. After 49 yrs my son began to ask questions. ...

I'd like to tell you a couple of incidents that you may not have heard of before. This took place when we were cross-training between the Quad 50's and 40 mm's. Personnel from C131 went to the next Quad 50s to get familiar with their equipment. I was checking their progress, as I went up to the dirt mount, I remember grabbing the two gun barrels to pull myself up to see how they were doing. As I got between the four barrels the left loader slammed the receiver down with the ammo belt in it and not knowing the power switch was on, the gunner had his finger on the trigger and before I realized what happened, 6 spent shells were on the ground.

I landed on top on top the gunner and to make it worse someone from HQ was coming in a jeep visiting the sections. I don't know if he took the bait...but when he asked us if we fired our weapon, we told him "no." "The noise came from a B26 which was taking off with one of its engine backfiring excessively." C131's position was just next of the runway. Everybody had spent shells in their pockets and I was as white as a sheet. I knew better than to approach a gun mount from the front, even though we were asked not to have power on.

The other incident was when Mr. Lowe and I were going for R/R one dark night. We must have been in a alert status because all the runway lights were off plus the HQ. Buildings. We preceded to cross the runway . This was the shortest way to HQ. instead of going to the West end of the runway. We must have been thinking of what we were going to do on R/R and didn't take a good look before we crossed. As we were in the middle of the runway, we heard an aircraft's wheels hitting the runway. That sucker came in without his anti-collision lights and his landing lights off. Needless to say just as we got about 2/3 across that plane's wing tip was almost on top of us. I still remember feeling the wind pressure hitting us. When we came back from R/R we saw in the bulletin boards indicating that a pilot almost hit two men crossing the runway and if they see someone doing it again the BN CO would Court Martial them.

(NOTE: Armando may not have known but just after the 3rd BW got to Kunsan a few of the AAA boys were drunk and took a shortcut across the runway. They got chopped up by a landing aircraft...and they never did find all the pieces on that one. That shortcut was deadly.)

I would like to add something to the story where a jet ended up close to our tent C131. To you it might seem to be 100 yards. But from where I was, which was inside our outhouse, I felt the ground shake as he was mowing down the tall grass towards me. Remember, our honey bucket house was between the aircraft and the tent I recall kicking the door open to see what was happening. I saw the pilot jump on the wing -- that pilot was not a day over 21. He was shaking as he went back to the cockpit to turn something off . His right landing wheel had a blow out and ended up collapsing the gear. Those aircraft always had blowouts in summer. Must have been Firestone tires, huh?

And about the potbellied stoves using JP-4. Remember how we rolled the drums to our tent? The next morning you could see the imprint on the grass as to where the drum went. C131 always had heat. But nobody questioned it.

I also recall the incident where we had a accident when practicing with our 40mm's trying to hit the sleeve behind the B26's. Those pilots took a big change dragging the targets. If I am not mistaken that colored GI. was from SA ,Tex. I still remember how we had to go through all the ammo, checking for a certain lot series . That kid didn't have chance when he got hit in the upper part of his chest. If I remember correctly he was on next position to the right of me.

...I ended up going to Seoul early 54 in a meat wagon suffering from an appendix attack, which was removed.

By the way Sgt. Parsons had me in for Sgt. My papers never caught up with me, probably Parsons sat on them too long, but he was a good Sgt.

76th AAA Bn Relieved by 30th AAA Bn: June 1953

In September 1953 when the30th Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) Battalion replaced the 76th AAA at Kunsan. John Colburn continued, "Shortly after the Armistice, our battery and most of the rest of the battalion moved up to the Marine air base (K-6) at Pyongtaek. We turned in our half-track mounted 40mm guns and were issued towed 40mm guns before the move. We retained the M-16 quad .50 tracks. To the best of my knowledge, no part of the 76th went to Pyongtaek before the Armistice. Just after the cease-fire, Battery C was the first battery to move to K-6, and I had the dubious honor of driving the lead jeep. As I recall the other batteries followed us on the same day. The battalion bivouacked near Taejon and completed the move on the second day. In December 1953 I was transferred to the Far East AAA Specialist School in Japan as an instructor on the 40mm gun and light AAA gunnery. We later converted to the radar-controlled 75mm Skysweeper and prepared to teach classes on it."

John wrote on the Dusters, Quads & Searchlights WWWBoard, "After the Armistice when the 76th moved up to Pyongtaek K-6, a Marine Air Wing base, I was an unofficial Bn training NCO in addition to my platoon sgt duties in Btry C and had to go up to Seoul to get training films." Another person who made this move was Ken Larsen. He wrote, "I was at Kunsan in late 52 through around Sept 53 when we moved to K6. The 76th was an integrated unit at K8. Our Sgt's name was Anderson. He was a good topkick."

The 76th appears to have remained at Pyongtaek (K-6) until late 1954 when the Marine units moved to Atsugi NAS, Japan. Without any aircraft to protect, the 76th AAA was withdrawn from Korea. Kenneth Weaver wrote in the KWP, "We were at K-6 air base with the 1st Marine Air Wing. The complete outfit pulled out and we went Camp Drake, Japan 1954. The outfit was disbanded, colors sent home. That's when I went to the 37th." However, this is refuted by John W. Colburn. John states, "In late 1954, the 76th AAA Bn. was withdrawn to Japan. The 76th was not "disbanded, colors sent home" as stated by Kenneth Weaver. At Camp Drake they were issued the 75mm Skysweepers, and after training with the 'Sweepers, the 76th AAA Bn. was sited at Nagoya Air Base as a part of the 40th AAA Brigade. I went down to Nagoya a couple of times as part of the Brigade Commander's inspection team to inspect the 76th. The 76th was still at Nagoya when I returned to the States in late 1955."

Joe C. Walsh was a Lieutenant transferred from the 30th AAA to the 76th AAA in 1953. Traveling by train, he arrived in Kunsan as the war was in its final days. He provided the following photos of the 76th AAA during range practice.

30th AAA Battalion:

This is all from memory and looking at some old pictures and slides. I moved too many times and have no records.

Joined the 30th AAA in I think September 1952 at Ft. Lewis. The unit had just arrived from Hanford, WA, where it had been used as the low level defense of the plutonium plant. It was apparently the last all black combat unit in the Army. There were still many service units at that time. In a weak attempt to integrate the unit a number of Caucasian 2nd Lts. were added along with four white enlisted personnel. I don't know the month we joined up with them. The weapons were towed 40mms and M-55 quad .50 cal. mgs. Some of the 40s were made by Sheffield Arms in Britain. All the weapons were old. We sailed on an Army transport from Seattle to Yokohama and encountered a typhoon in mid-Pacific. Our doctor, Capt. Agee, saw that the men escaped seasickness with some medicine, that and being located amidships helped.

In Japan we took a train from Yokahoma to Yokuska Naval Base outside Tokyo. The trip was at night and took eight hours!!! The next morning all hell broke out upon the discovery that the unit was almost black. We spent an extra day in Japan and then sent out again at night and boarded the ship at night. We sailed to Pusan arriving in the late morning and sent to a repo depot. All the senior officers were sent to corps headquarters, leaving only 2nd Lts. We had plenty of canned food, but no stoves and the depot couldn't feed anyone. One 2nd Lt. saw a Marine 1st Lt. he knew driving down the road. After hailing him and after the usual greetings explained the problem. He went to Marine hq. and came back with trucks that took our troops in stages to their Hq. where the marines fed them lunch and later dinner. Much food donated by us to the Corps. The next morning the stoves arrived and we were on our own. Three days later the senior officers returned and our vehicles, tents and weapons were delivered to us.

The battalion was given its assignment: the low level defense of the Pusan harbor. "A" Battery, my battery, was moved out to the southern most point of the western peninsula flanking the harbor entrance, south of Yong do-gu, a large hill. After surveying the area the captain (don't remember name) went down into city and got some engineers to come up and level three areas with dozers. We first emplace the 40mm guns and M-55s. Then large tents for the men and us and lastly the mess tent and supply tent.

Battery "B" was on the roofs of warehouses along the docks. I forget where "C" & "D" batteries were precisely located, except that it was on the eastern peninsula. Battalion headquarters was located about five blocks north of downtown and the MSR in an old school building. There were four Quonset huts below the playground on a BOQ, two EM quarters and on a combination mess hall and rec room.

In November we had installed a surveillance radar on a mountain called Chang-san east of Pusan above the airfield. At the base of the mountain was an ammo dump. The three radars before ours had been removed by infiltrators. Our section was guarded by an ROK company on R & R from the front. The officer in charge was one of we 2nd Lts. I was the second one. Our Korean guards spotted infiltrators in the ammo dump. Our technicians provided automatic fire from M2 Carbines. We had a fire fight at the base of the mountain and killed eleven, wounded six and nine taken prisoner. Ammo dump provided a half track with a .50 cal. that helped to end the fight. Fighting was in the dark. Neither we nor the Korean troops had any casualties. It was the only up close action I saw in Korea. (NOTE: The radars that "disappeared" on that hill were actually relocated. After the "tactical withdrawal" ("retrograde movement") from North Korea, the MGCIS-1 were assigned to Changsan Mountain overlooking K-9 (Pusan East). The Marine MGCIS-1 was later sent to Kunsan (K-8) in September 1951. This unit would later become the MACS-1 who moved to the north of K-8. Changsan mountain is listed in the MACS-1 lore.)

Quad 50 emplacement and firing (Click on photo to enlarge)
(Courtesy Joe Walsh)

He continued later about integration, "You seemed so surprised that there was still an all black AAA unit in August 1952. If you asked the Army they would have said "no" and pointed to the four white EM tokens saying there is the integration. ...

When I arrived I had no camera. Requests for photos from my mom, had me buy one at the PX downtown. Unfortunately I missed a shot of the U.S.S.Missouri in the harbor.

I am sending a few pictures ... me in front of battalion HQ, and practice firing on the beach below our position. The sleeve was pulled by a brave pilot in a T-6 from K-9. The crews were trained in the states to use M-5 directors. we had left them on dock in Seattle. We had to teach the use of ring sights on 40mm.

Clockwise: 40mm firing; Emplacing 40mm at Yongdo; Firing 40mm; Leveling 40mm (Click on photo to enlarge)
(Courtesy Joe Walsh)

Jan. 3rd the army decided to integrate for real. Some clerk at 8th Army Hq. used a battalion roster and transfered every fifth man and officer some where else. I was transferred to the A Battery 24th Gun Battalion 90mm in Pusan on top of Chong dong-gu nearby. I repoted to the CO of Battery. The duty clerk took my orders in the office to the captain and told me to go in. As I saluted and sayed, "Lieutenant Walsh reporting for duty."

The captain's head snapped up and he looked at me in shock. "Christ! I was expecting a Negro officer. We've got special quarters for you." So much for "integration".

After two months, he got his Negro officer. I was transferred to the 76th in Kunsan. I went by train. I was the only Army passenger. The others were Lutheran missionaries. We pooled our food. I had two cans Boston Brown Bread, a can of Danish ham, a bottle of Beaujelais wine, and a bottle of Dewar's scotch. The missionaries thought it was great.

So ends my story of the 30th. I saw a plaintive inquiry on the Army page on the net from someone who came during the integration. He said the unit received a Presidential Citation from President Rhee. The Army made no reply to him. Nor did anyone else.

30th AAA Relieves the 76th AAA at Kunsan: September 1953:After the ceasefire, the 30th AAA took over the AA duties for Kunsan in September 1953. From Pusan, Headquarters, "Able" and "Dog" Batteries departed for Kunsan Air Base leaving behind "Baker" and "Charlie" Batteries. With 40mm cannon and "quad-.50" machine guns, the 30th AAA provided air defense coverage. The gun positions were scattered throughout the base in such a manner as to give the base complete gun coverage. However, the bulk of the gun positions in the dirt areas along both sides of the runway. (See 808 EAB Map above.) The unit rotated out in Sept 1954 after the 3rd Bomb Wing departed for Japan.

Quad .50-caliber M2 Heavy Barrel Air-Cooled Heavy Machine Guns
Mounted on half-track, WWII AAA vintage
(From The Korean War)

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Operation Selective Fire; Semiautomatic or Fully Automatic, recoil operated, air cooled
Caliber .50 (12.7 mm)
Ammunition bullet 710 gr, charge 235 gr
Muzzle velocity 853.4 mps (2930 fps)
Capacity 110-round metallic link belt
Weight 57.8 kg (128 lbs); barrel 81 lbs, tripod 44 lbs
Overall length 165.4 cm (65.1 in), (barrel 45 in)
Rate of fire 400 to 550 rounds per minute
Effective range 2287m (2500 yds)

The .50 caliber machine gun is primarily an anti-vehicular weapon. Its weight, and the weight of its ammunition, make it unsuitable for mobile infantry use. However, in semi-fixed positions such as the MLR in Korea, or mounted on vehicles in file, as in the withdrawal from Chosin, the weapon is magnificent. Its great range and striking power make it deadly in enfilade against troops staging for assault. Again, these capabilities make it ideal for quick reaction against machine gun and mortar positions on heights overlooking road communications. Against massed infantry attack over ground with relatively constant slope, as against the Chinese human wave assaults on our MLR such as at Vegas, the M2 is a truly terrible force. For mobile deployment, Quad .50s mounted on half-tracks are devastating, going over the hills like a vacuum cleaner.

The .50 cal. belts are normally loaded: 1 tracer, 2 incendiary, 2 AP.

The following information is from an exceptional site The Skylighters, 225th AAA.

Here's the basis of all quad 50 arrays, the multiple caliber-.50 machine gun mount, aka the M45 "quadmount," pictured here installed on an M20 trailer. This gun mount was developed by the W. L. Maxon Company at the request of the U.S. Army for light antiaircraft weapons. The turret was tested successfully and immediately adopted by the U. S. Army. The turret was originally equipped with two .50-caliber machine guns but quickly redesigned to mount four guns because of the availability of the .50-caliber Browning machine gun. The gun mount was designed for antiaircraft applications with a capability of a high rate of concentrated fire. The quadmount was originally towed behind a halftrack or other ammunition carriers, but its most popular deployment was in halftracks and 2.5-ton trucks. In the halftrack installation the mount was lifted from the trailer and placed on mounting rings in the half-track. For the 2.5-ton truck installation the M20 trailer was lifted as one unit and secured to the back of the truck. The quadmount weighed approximately 2,500 lbs. The armored pod covers the legs of the gunner. The two handles in the center of the quadmount articulate to traverse and elevate the gun and house the firing triggers. Rotating the handles forward depresses the guns, while rotating back performs elevation. Pushing the left handle forward rotates the quadmount clockwise looking down while pushing the right handle forward rotates the quadmount counterclockwise looking downward. The speed of elevation and traverse is proportional to the amount of movement of the handles. The gun sight is located at the top of the mount. Four 200-round ammunition chests are mounted next to each .50-caliber machine gun. The quadmount will elevate, depress, or traverse at rates up to 60 degrees per second. Quadmounts were used in both the Pacific and European theaters. As enemy aircraft became less plentiful near the end of the war, the quadmount evolved into an antipersonnel weapon. In Europe, when enemy snipers were hidden in trees, it was not unusual to pull up a halftrack and quadmount to counter the threat. Instead of firing at the suspected location of the snipers, the quadmount gunner would aim at the base of the trees and fire. The high concentration of projectiles would literally mow down the trees taking out the snipers along with others at the same time. In the Pacific theater, the quadmount was effective against "dug-in" Japanese positions because of its high rate (450-550 rounds per minute) and high concentration of fire. It was affectionately nicknamed the "meat chopper." (Text and photo courtesy Roberts Armory.)

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John W. Colburn contributed the following comments on the M45: " In the section on the "M45 Quadmount" there is the statement that "the quadmount was originally towed behind a halftrack or other ammunition carriers, ...". This is substantially incorrect. The M55 mount (Multiple Caliber .50 Machine Gun Mount M45 on the M20 trailer) had very small wheels, about 10" tires and the wheels were in a quickly removable bracket with no solid axle. In every outfit I was in that had the M55, it was SOP not to tow it behind anything larger than a 3/4-ton weapons carrier or a jeep and no faster than 10 mph. It was good for an Article 15 in most cases if you broke the rules.

When the M55 was to be transported in the body of a 2-1/2-ton truck, usually in a mobile or semimobile AW outfit or a medium (90mm) or heavy (120mm) gun outfit, there was a winch at the front of the bed and two ramps to pull the trailer up into the body. There was a frame for the trailer to keep it from sliding around. The trailer was jacked up, the wheels were removed, and the trailer was lowered into the frame and tied down with screw hooks. There was a cutoff switch on the M45 mount that was set to prevent the guns from firing into the truck cab.

There were four standard configurations using the M45 mount: when mounted on a M3 halftrack, it was a Multiple Machine Gun Motor Carriage M16 or M16A1; when mounted on a M5 halftrack, it was a MMGMC M17 (most of these were sent to Allied nations, especially Russia); when mounted on a M10 generator trailer (a low bed four wheel trailer with 20" wheels and capable of being towed at highway speed--35 mph in those days), it became a Multiple Machine Gun Mount M51; and the aforementioned MMGM M55 mount on the M20 trailer. I believe the M20 trailer started life as some sort of aircraft servicing trailer. While the various M45 turrets were essentially the same, they were not always interchangeable as a unit.

The M55 quad .50 mounts were used in Viet Nam, often for convoy protection and mounted in the beds of field-fix armored 5-ton trucks.

40MM Antiaircraft Artillery armament:

The 40 mm Bofors cannon was mounted in an open-topped turret. It had hydraulic elevation from -3 degrees to +85 degrees, and traverse through a full 360 degrees. Manual controls was also provided, and with these the gun could be depressed a further 2 degrees. It had a cyclic rate of fire of 120 rounds per minute. Maximum anti-aircraft range is 5,000 meters and maximum ground-to-ground range is 9,475 meters.

"Light air-defense guns, of calibres from 20 to 40 millimetres, were developed in the 1930s for protection against dive bombers and low-level attack. The most famous of these was a 40-millimetre gun sold by the Swedish firm of Bofors. Virtually an enlarged machine gun, this fired small exploding shells at a rate of about 120 rounds per minute--fast enough to provide a dense screen of fragments through which the aircraft would have to fly. Fire control was largely visual, though some guns were equipped with predictors and power control."
- Encyclopaedia Britannica

Half-track Personnel Carrier M3:

From Half-track Personnel Carrier M3.

The following information is from Half-track Personnel Carrier M3.

This is an armored vehicle, generally similar to Half-track Car M2 but with seating accommodations for 13 men. The 3 seats in the driver's compartment are like those in Car M2, The other 10 are arranged in 2 rows of 5 each, backed up against the fuel tanks and body compartment.

The vehicle is slightly longer than Car M2. It is further distinguished from it in that it has a pedestal gun mount, instead of a skate rail, and that it has a rear door.

Armament consists of a machine gun. This, with its tripod, may be used independently or from the pedestal mount which is secured to the floor of the personnel compartment.

The vehicle is powered by a White 160AX 6-cylinder gasoline engine. The pilot vehicle was manufactured by the White Motor Co.

(NOTE: John Colburn stated, "Each of the two line platoons had four sections with two squads each. Three of the sections had one squad with a single 40mm Bofors automatic cannon mounted on an open rear platform of a modified M3 half-track. This was a "field expedient" weapon, probably made at the Tokyo Ordnance Depot to replace the M15A1 which was being withdrawn for issue to the Japanese Self Defense Force, and no Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M19 (twin 40mm guns on a M24 tank chassis) were available for replacements. The second squad of each section and the first squad of the fourth section were equipped with the Multiple Machine Gun Motor Carriage M16A1, a quad .50 MG turret mounted on a M3 half-track." (NOTE: The "Machine Gun Motor Carriage M16A1" is the nomenclature for a M45 Quadmount mounted on a M3 half-track.)

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Characteristics

Crew 13

Physical Characteristics

Weight (gross) 17,500 lb.
Length 19 ft., 9½ ins.
Width 6 ft., 5 ¼ ins.
Height 6 ft., 9 ins.
Center of gravity above ground 28 ½ ins.
Wt. on front axle 5,410 lb.
Wt. on rear axle 12,090 lb.
Ground clearance 17 1/8 ins.
Wheelbase 135 ½ ins.
Tread, front 64 ½ ins.
Tread, rear 63 13/16 ins.
Ground contact 575.5 sq. ins.
Ground pressure per sq. in. 29.4 lb.

Armament

Ca1. .30 Browning Machine Gun M1919A4 (Flexible) on mt. M25 1
Tripod Mount M2 1
Machine Gun Mounts M35 1
Provision for: Ca1. .45 Thompson submachine gun, M1928A1 1
Pedestal mount M25 1
Provision for: Ca1. .30 rifle M1

Ammunition

Ca1. .30 4,000 rounds
Grenades (Hand, Chem. A.T. [AW mixture] M1 2
Grenades fragmentation, Mk. II 2
Grenades offensive, Mk. III [w/fuze, detonation, M6] 10
Grenades smoke M8 2
Grenades thermite incendiary 2
CN-DN irritant, M6 4
Mines, A.T. w/Fuze, M1 24

Performance

Sustained speed on level 45 M.P.H.
.Sustained speed on 4% grade 25 M.P.H.
Max. grade 60%
Vertical obstacle 12 ins.
Fording depth 32 ins.
Fuel capacity 60 gals.
Cruising range 220 miles
Max. drawbar pull, 1st gear 13,000 lb.
Pay load (inc. in gross) 3,500 lb.
Turning radius 30 ft.
Tractive resistance 65 lb. per ton

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Other characteristics of the Half-track Car M3 the same as Half-track Car M2. The M2 is an armored vehicle, with seats for a crew of ten and with a skate rail around the entire interior to facilitate machine gun fire in any direction. Consisting of a specially designed, commercial-type, front-and-rear drive truck chassis with an armored hull, it can attain a maximum road speed of 45 M.P.H. Because of the Half Track rear drive, however, it may be used over rough terrain. The driver, commander, and one other crew member sit in the driver's compartment, and others in the personnel compartment. The body is protected by ¼ in. armor at the sides and rear. Top and side protection is given the engine by the armored hood. The radiator is protected by armored shutters which may be opened or closed or set in three intermediate positions from within the driver's compartment.The windshield is of shatterproof glass. For further protection, a ½ in. armored shield is hinged above the windshield frame, held open by three supports, and additional shields are hinged to the doors. In combat zones, the windshield may be removed and these shields swung into place. They are provided with direct vision slots. The vehicle will cross ditches which are not sufficiently deep to cause the front roller or the rear overhang to become embedded. The detachable top is of canvas and is supported by three removable bows and the windshield frame. Removable side curtains with Pyralin windows also are provided. Armament consists of two machine guns. They are provided with tripod mounts and carriage mounts for firing from the gun rail. The vehicle may be used as a prime mover for the 105 mm howitzer. Power is supplied by a White 160AX 6-cylinder gasoline engine. The pilot vehicle was manufactured by the White Motor Co.

M15A1, M15 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage:

From Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M15 Combination Gun Motor Carriage M15A1.

The following information from Gun Motor Half Track Carriage

Gun Motor Carriages M15A1, M15 Multiple
Crew 7

Physical Characteristics
Weight 20,800 lb
Length w/gun 20' 3.5"
Height 7' 10"
Width 7' 4.5"
Ground clearance 11 3/16"
Ground contact length 3' 10.75"

Armament (mm)
Main 37 mm M1A2
MG 2: M2 .50
Side arms 4: M1 .30 carbines

Quantity Main 200
Secondary MG 1,200

Armor Thickness (mm)
Hull Front, Upper 6
Hull Front, Lower 6
Turret Front 6
Turret Sides 6

Engine (Make / Model) White 160AX
Performance Traverse 360°
Elevation Limits -5° to 85°
Production Autocar

Model of M15A1 built by Tony Hammes

T19 (or M15 Special):

The T-19 was built without side armor on a M-3 halftrack. The M-16s were too valuable to modify when there were plenty of the basic M-3 tracks available. According to John W. Colburn, "The 40mm gun mounted on a halftrack that was used in Korea did not have the armored shield around the gun as there was on the M15A1, but did have the ammunition box at the rear of the platform. The gun mount was apparently the naval mount used on submarines and PT boats in World War II. It did not have the oil gears that were on the Army towed 40mm nor the mounting place if they had been removed. This was a field modification, probably by the Tokyo Ordnance Depot, and was variously called the M15 Special, the T-19, and other things that probably shouldn't appear in print. Pictures of the 99th Ord. Depot field modification and other experimental halftrack mounted 40mm guns may be found in the book by Jim Mesko, "M3 Half-tracks in action": "Armor Number 34" (1996, Carrollton, TX, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc.)"

The T-19 fuel capacity was 1/2 that of the M-16/M3 halftracks since the M16 and M3 halftrack had two gas tanks, one on either side of the rear compartment just behind the cab. According to John Colburn, "On the T19, the single gas tank (one of those on the M3) was across the rear compartment against the cab. The T19 was probably built from M3 halftracks and not from M15s or M16s which were useful as they were and there weren't enough M15s as it was."

"The ammo for the gun was stowed in the two boxes on either side of the gas tank and in the large box across the back of the track bed. I don't remember the number of rounds in the boxes, but it was somewhere around 200, probably 16 or 20 rounds (4 or 5 clips) in each of the front boxes and the remainder in the rear box. There was also a 1-ton trailer which could have held more ammo."

Jack Haynes wrote, "The fuel tank found behind the cab in the M16 1/2 track was reduced considerably for the T19 so as to make room for 40 mm ammo storage. The lid on the storage bins are upholstered and you can see the hand grips used by the crew when the vehicle is on the march. Keeps them from falling off the vehicle. The large box at the rear of the 1/2 track is also storage for the 40 mm ammo. (In 1943, as a lowly private, I was a loader/firer on a towed 40 mm gun crew in A Battery, 863rd AAA AW Bn)."

"The T19 fuel capacity was 1/3rd to 1/2 of the M16. As a result we had to carry additional fuel in 55 gallon drums tied to the front bumper. If I remember correctly, the T19 had rollers in front so as to be able to climb embankments. The M16 had winches."

M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage:

The following information is from an exceptional site USA's Halftracks.

M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage: Traverse 60° per second. 400-500 rounds per minute. Range of 7,200 yards. Interrupter switches prevented guns from firing when entering drivers compartment area. Used Maxson turret. The gunner would sit on a seat reclined at 45°. Sides would fold down when in use.

Crew: Commander, driver, loader (2).
Weight: 19,800 lbs. Height: 7' 8" Width: 7' 1" Ground clearance: 11 3/16"
Armament: 4 .50cal M2 MG Sidearms: 45 Submachine gun M1903 .30 Rifle 3: M1 Carbines Grenades
Engine: White 160AX Traverse: 360° Max speed: 45MPH Road Radius: 180-210 miles
Elevation: -10 to 90 Fording depth: 2' 8" Vertical Obstacle: 1' Suspension (TYPE): Verticla volute
Producton: 1942-1943 White: 724

M19 Tank:

M-19's with twin 40mm's participated in the Inchon Invasion, the capture
of Seoul and the battle at the Chosin Reservoir. (From Vietnam Memoirs.)

Information from USA's Self-Propelled Guns. M19: Was designed to protect motor columns against aircraft. 40 mm gun's AP shell had velocity of 2,870 ft/sec, range of 9,475 and could penetrate 1.6" at 1,000 yards. HE shell had velocity of 2,870, range of 10,820 yards, and ceiling of 7,625 yards. Could be fired at 240 rounds/minute, and traversed up to 40° per second.

Crew: Commander, driver, assistant driver, gun crew (3).
Armament: 40mm dual, Automatic gun M2.
Sidearms: 4: M1 Carbines M3 .45 Submachine Gun Grenades
Max speed: 35mph

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Effects of the 24th RCT on Integration:

The 24th RCT reportedly withdrew from their positions without permission leaving holes in the defense line after the 8th Army fell back from North Korea. An article entitled Forgotten Regiments of The Forgotten War by Uzal W. Ent, BGen, USA (Ret), stated, "On November 30, the 3/24th was at Kunu-ri, on the division's open right flank, with Chinese troops behind it. With the help of air support, the battalion extricated itself, losing one soldier killed, 30 wounded and 109 missing. Overall, the 24th Infantry lost one-fifth of its officers and one-third of its enlisted men in the withdrawal across the Chongchon. Colonel Corley blamed the disarray of the 3rd Battalion on its commander, Lt. Col. Melvin E. Blair, whom he summarily relieved."

Despite this, the Army blamed the ills on blacks themselves and the black NCO leadership -- and NOT on the poor white leadership (or lack of it altogether). For example, an executive officer of the 24th RCT feigned a heart attack so he could be evacuated out. Though units of the 24th Infantry Regiment Combat Team fought bravely is other engagements, it was disbanded shortly thereafter in October 1951.

Forgotten Regiments of The Forgotten War stated, "But accounts of the Korean War scarcely mention the 24th and 34th Infantry regiments. Both gave distinguished service, yet both were disbanded in Korea and their men used to form battalions in other regiments. Some veterans of the two commands remain bitter over what they consider unnecessary and vindictive action on the U.S. Army's part."

It continued, "The 24th and its black members were tagged with every stereotypical racial slur possible -- blacks were afraid of the dark, wouldn't fight, were undependable, hated whites, resented white leadership, were disloyal, etc. Racial prejudice and stereotypical notions also affected how some white officers in the regiment handled their charges. The 24th had an inordinately high turnover of senior NCO and officer leadership at the company level, and had seven regimental commanders in 14 months, when other regiments in Korea had two to four. Three changes were made in the first two months. The 1st Battalion saw three different commanders in the first three months, while the 2nd and 3rd battalions had five each in the same period. Continuity of leadership, purpose and command cannot be attained when commanders change so rapidly."

It went on, "The 34th had also suffered from a rapid turnover of senior leadership--four different regimental commanders within two weeks. Its 1st Battalion also had three commanders in the same period. The long withdrawals from Pyongtaek and Ansong, the confusion at Chonan, the disaster on the Kum River and the debacle at Taejon--all were blamed in varying degrees on the 34th Infantry and its leadership. Colonel Beauchamp of the 34th was in overall command at Taejon, yet he and his executive officer, Colonel Wadlington--along with General Dean, who was also there and not in command--were all out of Beauchamp's CP at the same time, but none of them told anyone there where they were going, how long they expected to be absent or how to handle an emergency."

The article continued, "The 24th and 34th Infantry regiments acquired bad reputations in Korea, but to a large extent both units were victims of the perceptions, prejudices and expedients of the time. They were also fighting against a tough, well-trained enemy that the U.S. military had seriously underestimated at the time they were committed to the fighting. Besides hard lessons in leadership learned by both regiments, the 24th's experience demonstrated that integration within the U.S. Army was long overdue."

In When Black is Burned: The Treatment of African-American Soldiers During the Korean War it says, "For the Army however, segregation ended in 1951, and how it came about, at the reported dismal performance of the all black 24th Infantry Regimental Combat Team, is a source of heated controversy even today. After many reports of poor performance such as the breaking of lines, the 24th was disbanded, ending segregation with one last racist jab." It continued, "While the all black units were plagued by poor performance, the story of blacks in integrated units was much different. In fact, many saw an excellent record of good soldiers who were black in integrated units. For blacks in integrated units, Korea was a relatively egalitarian place. Treatment of blacks in Korea was far superior to that which they received in the United States."

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A TRIP BACK TO KOREA

Jack Hayne wrote about his trip back to Korea in October 1998. The following was excerpted from his message: "In October 1998 I flew back to Korea in 14 hours 48 years after my first trip of 38 hours in an unheated propeller driven air transport. My son Mitchell and I were met at the Seoul Kimpo International Airport by Rhee Young Chan, my former Korean interpreter during the Korean War (formerly known as Police Action.) We hadn't seen each other since September 1951 and if it hadn't been for and exchange of photographs a couple of years ago we would not have recognized each other. ... Well, now Rhee was a retired Presbyterian minister and very well respected in the community. ... He still refers to me as Lieutenant and his Commanding Officer."

"My biggest surprise was seeing Seoul for the first time in all these years. What was a bombed out city with few buildings over a 2 stories high was now a thriving metropolis. Skyscrapers abound and cars, buses and taxies fill the streets. Where only one military pontoon bridge spanned the Han River in September 1950 when we retook the city, there were now seventeen. A subway system with of eight lines makes it easy to get around to all parts of the city. ..."

"Rhee, AKA Charles, took us on a 3-hour train trip to Taegu where we first met in 1950. Reverend Na a former student and friend of Rhee met us at the Taegu train station. The dusty little farming town of with a population numbering in the tens of thousands was now Korea's third largest city boasting of a population of 2.3 million inhabitants. Tall modern buildings had supplanted Wood and mud buildings with straw roofs. I was lost."

"A special tour of the air base was arranged with the Base Commander by my influential friend Rhee and we tried to find my old command post and gun positions to no avail. The base had change considerably from a forward airstrip with pierced steel or aluminum planking for a runway to a large modern base. When I told our military guide of an apple orchard that existed outside my perimeter defenses and my source of fresh fruit, he said that we were standing in the middle of the former orchard. We did come upon some very familiar multiple 50 caliber machine gun mounts that were now being used by the Korean Army to defend the base. These were vintage weapons and most likely left over from my unit after the secession of hostilities. ..."

"This was country that our infantry fought in during the last stages of the war and it was very rugged country. I had been in this area when the roads were one lane winding through the mountain passes and had to run vehicles off the cliffs in order to get ammunition convoys to the forward elements of the division. Now those very same dirt roads were 4 and 6 lane highways. Things change!" -- Jack Hayne

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• Other Units at Kunsan Airbase (1951-1954)
  • 3rd Air Base Group, Headquarters/Photo Lab
  • 3rd AIO Ground Support
  • 3rd Communications Squadron
  • 3rd Food Services Squadron
  • 3rd Maintenance Squadron
  • 3rd Medical Group
  • 3rd Motor Vehicle Squadron
  • 3rd Supply Squadron
  • 5th Motor Transport Squadron
  • 1973rd AACS (Aircraft and Airways Communications Service)
  • 2157th Air Rescue Squadron
  • 76th/30th Anti-Aircraft Battalion:
    • 76th AAA Btn (AW) (SP):
      • The 76th AAA Arrives in Korea (Aug 50)
        
      • Elements of the 76th AAA Battalion Split
        
      • Air Defense Policy for Anti-aircraft Artillery
        
      • Arrival at Kunsan Air Base: June 1951
        
      • Integration in the Colored Units
        
      • Initial Integration of the 76th AAA: August 1952
        
      • The 76th AAA Settles In: December 1952
        
      • Life at K-8
        
    • 30th AAA Btn:
      • 76th AAA Bn Relieved by 30th AAA Bn: June 1953
        
      • 30th AAA Battalion
        
    • Appendix:
      • Anti-Aircraft Weaponry
        
      • Effects of the 24th RCT on Integration
        
      • A Trip Back to Korea (Jack Hayne)
        
  • 77th Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force
  • ROK Air Force Detachment
  • 21st Transportation Port com B/14th Transportation Port com/Det 1 507th Signal Company --Small Army group in Kunsan City that handled the railhead and port facility
  • 808th, 809th, and 841st Engineering Aviation Battalions
  • Marine Air Control Squadron No. 1/Marine Ground Control Intercept Squadron No. 1

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