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USFK Organizational Chart

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USFK ORGANIZATIONAL CHART (2007-2008)

IF ANYONE FINDS ERRORS ON THE FOLLOWING CHART, PLEASE NOTIFY US AT kalani@kalaniosullivan.com SO THAT WE CAN UPDATE THE INFORMATION. (NOTE: WE ARE ONLY SEEKING INFORMATION AVAILABLE THROUGH "OPEN" SOURCES -- I.E., A UNIT NO LONGER A PART OF THE USFK. WE ARE NOT SEEKING INFORMATION OF ANY STRATEGIC OR TACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE.) To be truthful, because the USFK became super secretive of official information on the OPEN internet, this type of chart is almost impossible to update.

If one wanted to spend the time and effort, one could probably find out the info -- but as of Sep 2007, we have simply lost interest in this project as it is just too much trouble to maintain with info hidden behind the USFK firewall. However, be aware that massive changes are underway -- starting in Dec 2007 when Camp Zama was FINALLY designated as a Regional Center -- after years of denial by the DoD and USFK. The move of control of the UNC to the ROK will then move the UN elements under the I Corps in Japan at Camp Zama. The CFC is dying...dying...dying. The 8th Army is nothing but a figurehead organization, though it will remain around for a while longer.


The chart is constructed from multiple "open" news sources and documents. Because the US Army is changing to a new Unit of Action (UA) structure, there are on-going changes that are occurring at this time -- especially in the 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team (BCT) and 35th ADA units. The construction of Camp Humphreys will have to face many pitfalls in the future as major issues remain to be resolved and impacts on the operations of the units on this chart. The move from Yongsan still remains to be seen and the move off of the DMZ seems to be quietly progressing as units move to Camp Humphreys as on-base facilities/barracks are completed.

In 2002, the original concept was to close down the US presence in the Western Corrider, and build up a "super-Garrison" in the Uijeongbu-Dongduchon area under the Land Partnership Plan (LPP). This changed when the US decided to move off the DMZ down to Camp Humphreys in 2003 -- but not without a lot of turmoil from the ROK government and the LPP was amended in 2004. To add more troubles, the ROK refused to accept the USFK as a regional defense force. This threw other monkey wrenches into the works -- and is the reason why the Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are not assigned in the ROK. Then finally there is the transfer of wartime control to the ROK by 2012. There will be the dissolution of the CFC, probable move of the UNC to Camp Zama, Japan under I Corps, and the change of the USFK into a support role. Add to this that there is still the threat of the USAF elements moving out of Korea if the bombing range issues are not resolved. In addition, there is a shift of emphasis to the hub in Taegu for follow-ons as the USFK moves into a "support" role (vs. a "patron" role) while turning over ten critical missions to the ROK. Put all of these masses of inputs together and one sees why an up-to-date Organizational Chart is needed to sort out all the confusing mass of interrelated changes that are on-going.

Land Partnership Plan: On 29 March 2002, the USFK-ROK signed the Land Partnership Plan which the ROK treated as a "treaty" and was ratified by the National Assembly on October 30, 2002. Under the 2002 Land Partnership Plan (LPP), the U.S. military agreed to return more than half the land it uses as bases in South Korea. The area to be returned amounted to 41.14 million pyeong (135.8 million sq. meter), 55.3 percent of the 74.40 million pyeong currently occupied by the U.S. military. In exchange, the agreement called for 1.54 million pyeong of land to be newly granted to the U.S. forces. Under the plan, the USFK was to reduce troop installations from 41 to 23. The original LPP was predicated on the US forces remaining north of Seoul along the DMZ. Of its 41 major installations, the United States was to shut down 19, close parts of another four sites, create three new installations and expand some existing installations. In 2002, the United States has 95 military sites in South Korea. (Source: DynKorea.)

Originally the plan in 2002 was to retain Camp Bonifas, but return all of the other Western Corridor camps. The idea of a "super-Garrison" surfaced by combining Camp Stanley, Camp Jackson and Camp Red Cloud -- and having Camps Hovey, Castle and Casey being administratively classified as a single unit. All the other camps in the DMZ area were to be returned. The camps to be retained in Seoul and to the south were Yongsan Garrison, K-16 Airfield (Seoul AB), Camp Yongin, Suwon AB, Osan AB, Camp Humphreys, Kunsan AB, Kwangju AB and Chongju AB. R-510 in Ichon was to be used to replace Camp Page. In the south, Pohang was to be returned in exchange for a Camp Mujuk expansion which was to be upgraded for 3MEU deployments. Camp Carroll, Camp Walker, Camp Henry, Taegu AB were to be retained. Kimhae AB and Camp Chinhae were to be retained, while Camp Hialeah was to be returned. Noksan was to be merged and expanded. (Source: LPP)

Installations affected under Original LPP

Following is a list of U.S. military installations affected by the original Land Partnership Plan.
  • Closings The following major installations will close during the 10-year life of the Land Partnership Plan (followed by year each will close):
    • Camp Page, 2011
    • Camp Howze, 2006
    • Camp Garry Owen, 2008
    • Camp Kyle, 2007
    • Camp Long, 2011
    • Camp Eagle, 2011
    • Camp Giant, 2011
    • Camp Hialeah, 2011
    • Camp Greaves, 2011
    • Camp Nimble, 2011
    • Camp Edwards, 2007
    • Camp LaGuardia, 2006
    • Camp Essayons, 2010
    • Camp Market, 2008
    • Camp Colbern, 2008
    • Camp Sears, 2011
    • Camp Mobile (H-220), 2008
    • Camp Stanton, 2007
    • CNFK Det-Pohang, 2011
  • Partial closings (Listed with year of completion):
    • H-805 (Walker Army Heliport, Camp Walker, Taegu), 2007
    • Beta Site South at Osan Air Base, October 2002
    • Alpha Site, an ammunition storage area at Osan Air Base, 2008
  • New installations
    • New Camp Hialeah, at Noksan, west of Pusan
    • Camp Mu Juk, to undergo major upgrade and new construction.
    • CNFK Det-Pohang will move to Mu Juk
    • New Camp Page, on R-510, a South Korean Army airfield near Ichon, east of Seoul
  • New land grants (Site, estimated acres, required date):
    • Ichon (R-510), 160, 2007
    • Camp Stanley (prison rice paddies), 120, March 2003
    • Camp Stanley (remaining prison land), 125, 2009
    • CNFK DET Pohang, 0.6, 2002
    • Camp Mu Juk, 85, 2003
    • Incheon Mail Facility, 1.7, June 2003
    • DRMO Camp Carroll, 25, 2003
    • Camp Humphreys, 200, June 2005
    • Noksan, 140, 2008
    • Osan Air Base (Mustang Valley Village Plus), 8.8, Oct 2002
    • Osan Air Base (Delta Plus), 275, 2005
    • Osan Air Base (Northern Land), 128, 2011
  • Returned training areas, ranges (Site, location):
    • Rodriquez LTA #3, Sachong-Ri, Yongpyong
    • Rodriquez LTA #2, Yong-buk, Yongpyong
    • Rodriquez LTA #4, Taehoesan-ri, Yongpyong
    • Dagmar and S, Squads, Palmers, and Oklahoma, Paju-gun
    • River Crossing, Pap-yong myon
    • Kansas Range, Chang-dan Gun
    • Oklahoma Range, Chang-dan Gun
    • N. Carolina, Air Mobile — Edwards LTA, TA-504/520, Kyonggi-do
    • Camp Page LTA, Sachon-ri, Tongduchon
    • Tango, Chi-haeng-ri, Tongduchon
    • KCT-43, Yankee, Whiskey N., Hochon-myon, Tongduchon
    • Stanton LTA, Tuman-ri, Paju-si
  • Partial returns
    • Texas LTA & Range, Chang-dan-Gun
    • Mike, Tongduchon-si
    • Romeo, Kwangam-Dong
    (Source: Stars and Stripes.)

USFK Camps (1990s)


Outside political factors started to impact on the USFK. On 13 June 2002 at a village near Uijongbu, a US military convoy set out to undertake a training exercise at a range. As the convey passed along a narrow country road near Yangju City, Gyeonggi Province, one of the convoy’s armored vehicles, weighing approximately 57 tons, struck and killed two 14 year old Korean girls, Shim Mi-son and Shin Hyo-sun, as they walked along the side of the roadway on their way to a birthday party. Violent anti-American demonstrations swept the country. The ROK wanted jurisdiction, but the US invoked the SOFA and court-martialed the two individuals. Full apologies were issued by US civilian and military officials at various levels of authority immediately after the incident and repeated throughout the course of the legal proceedings. Even President Bush called President Kim Dae-jung to express his regret. When the soldiers were acquitted of involuntary manslaughter, more violent demonstrations ensued. (Source: Wikipedia: Yongsan Garrison.) In the end, Roh Moo-hyun riding on the coat-tails of anti-Americanism was elected to office of President. The violent anti-Americanism throughout Korea most likely significantly influenced the decision to immediately remove the USFK from the DMZ -- as well as Yongsan Garrison. Though mouthing words of the solidarity of the US-ROK alliance, there were shadows ahead that foretold of the difficulties the USFK would face in dealing with the Roh administration.

On 03 June 2003, General Leon J. LaPorte the head of US Forces Korea, announced in a forum at the Korean National Assembly that roughly 6,000 of the total 7,000 troops would be relocated. US and Republic of Korea officials agreed to a plan to realign American forces stationed in "The Land of the Morning Calm." In June 4-5 meetings held in the South Korean capital city of Seoul, according to a joint U.S.-South Korean statement, it was decided the operation would consist of two phases. During Phase 1 US forces at installations north of the Han River would consolidate in the Camp Casey (Tongduchon) and Camp Red Cloud (Uijongbu) areas. Both bases are north of Seoul and the Han, but well south of the demilitarized zone that separates North and South Korea. The 14,000-strong US Army 2nd Infantry Division, which provides troops to bases near the DMZ, is headquartered at Camp Red Cloud. During Phase 2 US forces north of the Han River would move to key hubs south of the Han River. US and Korean officials agreed to continue rotational US military training north of the Han even after Phase 2 is completed.

On 17 November 2003 the United States and South Korea agreed in principle to move most American forces south from the demilitarized zone along the border with North Korea. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld was in the country's capital for the annual Security Consultative Meeting between defense officials from the two countries. Officials agreed to relocate American forces in the north of the country – primarily the Army's 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Casey – in two phases. First, they will be consolidated into a smaller footprint. Then they will be moved to the southern part of the country. Eventually, officials explained, US forces in Korea will be centered on two main "hubs" in the south. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: Korea.)

In 2003 the numbers of closures changed under the LPP. The USFK was to close 28 of its 41 major installations and facilities, including three in Seoul. This was different from the 18 closures proposed in 2002 and reflected the Master Plan 2010 of the USFK -- announced in Jan 2003 -- for moving all the troops south of the Han River. This plan immediately created a furor in the ROK as it would remove the "tripwire" -- 2d ID presence on the DMZ -- that the ROK wanted to keep. In 2003, Osan Beta South area (outside the Beta Gate) was returned. By 2007, a road was being built that would connect the Seotan area directly through the Shinjang Mall area to Seojeong-ni.

Finally on 25 April 2003 the USFK announced its relocation plan that had been in the works. In the April "Future of the Alliance Policy Initiative" (FOTA) meeting, there was no decision on the "alternative site" that was put forth by the USFK. The "alternative site(s)" had become fixed -- at least for the USFK. Bottom line was that the USFK was moving -- with or without the Korean approval. Maj Gen James Soligan said the U.S. would relocate the U.S. camps in 25 districts of South Korea to two areas. The first area was the Osan and Pyeongtaek area in Gyeonggi Province; the second area was Daegu and Busan in Kyeongsang Province. He also said that the US would realign the US forces in Korea focusing on these two areas on a long-term basis. This resulted in cries of distress from the ROK and some tried to stave off the US action by requesting delays in the date of implementation. The ROK-US face-off over the USFK being used as a "trip-wire" ended with the unilateral announcement by the US Sec of Defense Rumsfeld at the Sep 2003 Security Consultative Meeting (SCM). All USFK forces would move to Camp Humphreys and Osan AB. In addition, the move out of Yongsan was set for 2008.

In 2004, the LPP plan was amended and approved by the National Assembly. The plan to move Camp Page to Ichon (R-510) was scrapped. (NOTE: In April 2007, the ROK government announced it would relocate seven of its military bases out of Seoul -- to make room for a housing project at Songpa, a southern Seoul suburb -- to Ichon about 80 kilometers south of Seoul. In accordance with the plan, the Defense Ministry said it intended to move four of the bases, including a special forces unit, to Ichon -- but not without protest from local residents. The relocation included some 6,700 troops of the Special Warfare Command. The SWC unit currently takes up more than 330,000 square meters of land.)

In Jan 2004, the Arirang Taxi Compound in Seoul, a taxi service annex for U.S. personnel and their family members, was the first area returned under the LPP after cleanup in 2003. The scrutiny of the ROK Environmental Management Corporation -- and the NGO group Green Korea -- on the cleanup of oil foretold the hassles the USFK would receive on future returns of land under the LPP.

In 2004, the USFK accelerated the base returns under the LPP. Camp Greaves and Giant were to close by 1 Nov 2004 -- instead of 2011 under the original LPP. Those camps closed and returned to South Korea in 2004: Camp Bonifas (Demilitarized Zone) and Camp Liberty Bell (Demilitarized Zone). Those six camps closed in 2004, but returning to South Korea in 2005: Camp Edwards (Paju); Camp Gary Owen (Paju); Camp Greaves (Paju); Camp Giant (Paju); Camp Howze (Paju); and Camp Stanton (Paju). In 2003, the demonstrations were mostly from student agitators from OUTSIDE the area who protested at the gates of Camp Humpherys, but in 2004, the farmers of the areas outside Camp Humphreys banded together to fight the expansion. Funds for construction shifted from Camp Stanley to Camp Humphreys and major projects were started inside the camp to build family housing and barracks.

The original LPP plan was based on grouping the USFK forces in three areas -- with one of them being around Camp Stanley and Camp Casey as a "super-Garrison." The LPP had to be amended -- and incorporate a reduction in US forces that was also resurfaced. The US military was restructuring into smaller, more mobile units. In Mar 2004, the US and ROK canceled land purchases for Ichon and Camp Stanley under the original LPP. The cancelled lands include 244 acres near Camp Stanley. Also scrapped was the purchase of 163 acres in Ichon, an area southeast of Seoul, that was to be used to replace Camp Page in Chunchon. Among the provisions of the amendment to the LPP, the land grants planned for Uijongbu and Ichon will be cancelled, and a larger grant of land at Camp Humphreys provided instead. (Source: Stars and Stripes, March 4, 2004.) Under the 2004 Amendment of the LPP, the US was to hand back 34 of its 41 bases. In Mar 2004, the U.S. and ROK negotiated an amendment to the LPP whereby the land grants planned for Uijongbu and Ichon was cancelled, and a larger grant of land at Camp Humphreys provided instead. On 1 June Yonhap News reported that the USFK had requested South Korea grant for 3.2-3.3 million pyeong of land in Pyeongtaek. Later the land was increased to 3.5 million and approved by the National Assembly.

The turnover of Outpost Ouellette to South Korea's military in late 2004 meant there would be no American soldiers manning the 248-kilometer Korean border except for in the truce village of Panmunjom, known as the joint security area (JSA). On 30 April 2004 the US suggested that ROK troops take over responsibility for guarding the Joint Security Area (JSA) of Panmunjeom from the United Nations Command (UNC). These were the first steps of pulling the last of the US forces -- except for those assigned to the UNC Security Battalion -- from the DMZ.

The 3000 man (later increased to 3,600 men) ROK unit to Iraq was scheduled to depart in April 2003 but was repeatedly slipped. Finally the US decided to withdraw the 2d Brigade of the 2d ID -- a total of 3,600 men -- in June 2004 to ship to Iraq -- though it denied that it had anything to do with the ROK's slipped promise. The next bombshell was in June 2004 at the FOTA, the US notified the ROK that it was pulling out a total of 12,000 troops and the relocation of Yongsan would be complete by Dec 2005. The 2d ID troops withdrawn in July 2004 were counted in the reduction.

In 2004, South Korea sought ways to cut down on expenses needed to move Yongsan in view of the U.S.-proposed reduction of the American soldiers stationed in Korea. The ROK agreed that the move off the DMZ was inevitable, but continued to try to make the "timeline" negotiable in order to stall the withdrawal. Initially the ROK and USFK agreed that the land in Osan-Pyeongtaek should be around 3.6 million pyeong. However, later the ROK proposed a scale-down of the land requirements necessary for relocating U.S. troops based in Seoul and DMZ in proportion to a planned U.S. troop reduction. The US is unwilling to negotiate on this point. The U.S. wanted 3.6 million pyeong while Korea wanted the size of land at 3.3million pyong. This was part of the strategy that the ROK was taking to reduce the costs of the move -- but was viewed as simply a stall to delay the relocation process as long as possible.

In 2005, the bases were consolidating under the LPP at a rapid rate and everything seemed well on track. However, the ROK insistence on pushing pollution resolution stymied the return to the ROK portions of the LPP.
  • Camp Bonifas -- Closure 2004 /Return 2004 (DMZ) : Turnover Command ROK Oct 2004/Reduction from 200 to 43 by 1 Nov
  • Camp Liberty Bell -- Closure 2004 /Return 2004 (DMZ) : Turnover Command ROK Oct 2004
  • Camp Edwards -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) : (Second Closure) Move to Stanley Nov 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Garry Owen -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) : Move Nov 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Giant -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) : Move Nov 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Greaves -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) : Move Nov 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Howze -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) Move Nov 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Stanton -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 (Paju) : (First Closure) 16 Kiowa relocate US Dec 2004/Close Dec 2004
  • Camp Falling Water -- Closure 2004 /Return 2005 : Move Oct 2004/Close Dec 2004 (Uijongbu)

USFK Camps (2003)


The base realignment's next phase was to involve the return of six Western Corridor bases vacated by 2nd ID in 2005. The U.S. was scheduled to return the facilities to the South Korean government in December 2005 -- as is ahead of schedule on most. (See Seven Camps to close in 2005 for camp closures 2004-2006.) According to the Stars and Stripes on 29 Dec 2005, "Under the amended Land Partnership Plan between South Korea and the United States, Camp Humphreys will triple in size, growing from about 1,230 acres to 3,558 acres by 2008. An estimated $5 billion is to be spent on construction alone. Its population also will increase, from more than 11,000 to 45,000, U.S. military officials have said.

In May 2005, Army Brig. Gen. Steven M. Anderson, head of the newly established USFK (Advance Element), said that the U.S. military would soon begin staffing an office with engineering and other experts who will work on Camp Humphrey's expansion. However, the problems faced were the ROK reluctance to equitably share the costs, ROK failure to support positive action in procuring lands (that were supposed to started in 2004 and completed by Dec 2005). As a result the expansion failed repeatedly to complete the Master Plan. Then when the wartime control was agreed to return to the ROK in 2006, the Master Plan was again set back to the drawing board.

In 2005, President Roh continued to speak of his ambition to take over wartime operation within 10 years in his "self-reliant defense" vision -- which most consider unrealistic due to the $600 billion expense involved. Opinion was starting to surface that the US would give the ROK what it wanted -- dependent on the US falling back to Japan after the renegotiations of the USFJ Realignment. A unit of I Corps from Ft Lewis, WA arrived at Camp Zama, Japan to set up operations in 2005. I Corps return to Camp Zama would signal the shift of the Korean "contingencies" to the USFJ headquarters. According to the Army Transformation Roadmap of 2004, I Corps should transition to its UEx model by 2010. The main obstacle was Article 9 of the Peace Constitution. There was a rise in Japanese nationalism due to the confrontations with the North -- missiles over Japanese airspace, Taepodong missiles capable of striking Tokyo, and the nuclear threat -- and continued outrage over the 1970s abductions. The moves intensified to change the Japanese Peace Constitution. In the background, South Korea was taking over some USFK missions and ongoing American troop cuts by 12,500 to 25,000 by year 2008 were taking place. South Korean troops were working towards taking over 10 major operations that the USFK was previously in charge of, including Joint Security Area duty, close aviation support and counterfire artillery attacks.

Camp Gary Owens, Camp Stanton, Camp Edwards, Camp Howze were returned in 2005. (Camps Greaves and Giant were returned in 2004.) In 2005, Camp Page was starting to close and expected to be returned in 2006. Closing in 2005 and returning to South Korea in 2006: Camp Falling Water (Uijeongbu); Camp LaGuardia (Uijeongbu); Camp Sears (Uijeongbu) (vacated 2005); Camp Nimble (Dongducheon); Camp McNab (Chejudo); and UNC Compound Seoul. Camp Kyle and Camp Essayons vacated 2005. However, NGO activists pollution claims cause the ROK to stall the return. The gates closed on Camp Page and Camp Colbern in 2005.


Uijongbu (2003)


In Dec 2005, the ROK failed to meet its deadline for the procurement of lands of Camp Humphreys due to the growing organized protests in Daechuri. The government claimed it had procured 80 percent of the land, but the remainder would have to be condemned in the courts. After the lands were condemned, the villagers still refused to move. "Although we ordered locals to leave by the end of June (2006), we can't force them out," said Yoo Jong-sang, a government official in charge of the matter, said. "We will take legal action first by applying for an injunction." (Source: Chosun Ilbo.) The government waited for three or four months before taking action to forcibly move locals out of villages near the site. The lands would not be resolved until 2006 with the massive intervention of ROK Army troops and riot police. The area was cordoned off allowing only residents to enter via the roads -- finally giving up their fight in 2007 after public support waned.

In 2006, the disagreement over the return of the camps heated up over alleged pollution and stalled the ROK accepting back the camps. The US insisted that its responsibility ended with the clean up to KISE (Known, Imminent, Substantial Endangerment to Human Health) standards -- and the SOFA stated that the camps will be returned "as is." In other words, the USFK would clean up obvious hazardous waste contamination and SUBSTANTIAL endangerment hazards to human health -- not simply the existence of hazardous contaminants that exceed the safe limit by an arbitrary amount. In 2006, the USFK unilaterally pulled its contractor guards off the camps as it was paying $300,000 a month to guard these empty camps that the ROK refused to accept.

On 15 Jul 2006, Korea and the US agreed on the return to Korean control of 15 U.S. military bases around the country. The agreement broke a deadlock that has persisted since May 2005. In Jul 2006 South Korea accepted back U.S. camps Howze, Stanton, Giant, Greaves, LaGuardia, Nimble, McNab, Colburn, Bonifas near the inter-Korean border, Freedom Bridge, the U.S.-controlled United Nations Compound, CPX-AI firing range, Charlie Block, Koon-Ni Range (Maehyang-ni) and the U.S. military office at Seoul Station. Camp Page gates closed in 2005 and was vacated in 2006. Camp Hialeah vacated in Dec 2006.

Civic groups railed, however, at the U.S. refusal to fund an environmental clean-up at the base sites. The MND said the Pentagon informed them in June 2006 that the U.S. military had completed repair work involving fuel tank removal and sub-soil water at those 15 vacated sites. They are being returned to Korean control as of 15 July. Seoul will have to pay for any additional required work and turn the sites over to the local governments in the areas.

The USFK web site posted a long position statement in Jul 2006 about the bases where it flatly asserted that the Pentagon plans to return 59 base areas to South Korea by 2011 totaling 33,000 acres of land and valued at more than $1 billion to South Korea's government in the next two to four years. The USFK statement came after 18 months of disagreements about which nation should pay for pollution removal on the bases.

In Dec 2006, Sec of Defense Donald Rumsfield, the force behind the move out of Yongsan and off the DMZ in 2003, had been replaced. The ROK government announced that it looked like the transfer of the U.S. garrison at Yongsan to Pyeongtaek, originally scheduled to take place in 2007, would be delayed by five years to late 2013. The possibility of completing the transfer of Yongsan by 2008 as scheduled was low because Seoul City and the MND were still squabbling over the land use. The MND had planned to use monies from the sale of the land for commercial and apartment use to pay for the relocation costs. (NOTE: In the end, the Roh administration decided that the Yongsan Garrison will be turned into a park -- which left the question open as to where will the MND get the monies to fund the relocation. Also remember that the original MOU to relocate from Yongsan was signed in 1990 -- and the US has lost patience with Korea on this and many other matters.)

The ROK government again went into "negotiations" to delay the transfer from Yongsan and the competition of new base facilities in Pyeongtaek to 2013. In Feb 2007 Sec of Defense Robert Gates and ROK Minister of National Defense Kim Jang Soo issued a joint statement in Washington, D.C. (Source: Defenselink.) The joint statement excerpt read: "Following on the successful bilateral Security Policy Initiative (SPI) talks of February 7-8, 2007, Secretary Gates and Minister Kim reiterated commitments to work closely to accelerate the relocation of USFK units and facilities and the full implementation of both the Yongsan Relocation Plan and the Land Partnership Plan. Secretary Gates expressed appreciation for the Minister’s efforts in this regard and noted that the relocation, including the return of valuable lands to the Korea people, was an important step for both nations. In this regard, the two sides expressed their willingness to expeditiously complete the return of USFK facilities in accordance with the ROK-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA)." This joint statement did not mention that they agreed to delay the move out of Yongsan to 2012 and shift the wartime control to 2012. This was later followed in Feb 2007 by the USFK announcement that it had agreed to shift the return of wartime control to the ROK in 2012. (Source: Yonhap News.) Along with this was the delay in the move out of Yongsan and off the DMZ until 2012 as well. However, Gen Bell, USFK Commander, vowed to fight the "delays" of the move to Pyeongtaek and promised that the USFK unit relocations would continue in a phased manner.

To reinforce the point, the USFK refused South Korea's demand for additional steps to decontaminate military bases that will be returned to Korea in 2007 under the LPP -- that had been causing delays in the move to Pyeongtaek. The Defense Ministry on 13 Apr 2007 said the two sides concluded their nine-month negotiations on plans to transfer 14 U.S. camps to the Korean military and local governments -- where the environmental cleanup was complete. The talks had been stalled over differences regarding the degree to which the U.S. military should clean up pollution in the soil. Of the 51 bases to be returned, 29 bases have undergone environmental surveys. Camp Page, Camp Edward and Camp Falling Water were to be returned in Apr 2007.

The agreement finds Seoul agreeing to shoulder as much as 40 billion won ($42 million) for the necessary environmental clean-up of the military installations. Out of 59 U.S. military bases that the U.S. agreed to return to South Korea by 2011 under the Land Partnership Plan, four bases, including a helicopter landing pad in Yongsan, have already been returned prior to the most recent 14 bases. A total of 18 camps, including four that already have been returned, are now back in Seoul's hands while negotiations for the return of the remaining 41 bases continues. As of Apr 2007, the tally is:
  • Camp Ames, Camp Dashboard, Camp Morse and Camp Salem -- (Closed: Dates unknown) These camps listed on GlobalSecurity.org under Korean Camps. However, these camps are NOT listed on US Army Camps Korea (USPACOM). Neither are these camps listed under LPP in 2002. It is assumed that these camps were inactivated under the Worldwide Base Closure programs or other troop reduction programs prior to 2002. We cannot find current information on the web about these camps as May 2007. (NOTE: Camp Ames: Operated at reduced level after 1992. (Source: FAS.))
  • Camp Bonifas/Camp Liberty Bell, Korea -- (Returned 2004 along with Camp Liberty Bell and Outpost Ouellette) Home of JSC. Small UNC Security Battalion presence
  • Camp Carroll, Korea -- Waegwan, Taegu
  • Camp Casey, Korea -- Uijongbu
  • Camp Castle, Korea -- Uijongbu
  • Camp Colbern, Korea -- near K-16 -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Eagle, Korea -- Wonju
  • Camp Edwards, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Essayons, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Falling Water, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Garry Owen/Camp Pelham, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp George, Korea -- Taegu
  • Camp Giant, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Gray Annex, Korea -- Seoul area -- (Closed: Date unk)
  • Camp Greaves, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Henry, Korea -- Taegu
  • Camp Hialeah, Korea -- (Closed 2006) (NOTE: After the closure of Camp Hialeah, no more has been heard of the "replacement" of Camp Hialeah at Noksan, an industrial area to the west of Pusan noted in the 2002 LPP agreement. Instead, Camp Hialeah units moved to Camp Henry in Taegu.)
  • Camp Hovey, Korea -- Uijongbu
  • Camp Howze, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Humphreys, Korea -- Pyeongtaek -- In November 2003, it was announced that 240,000 p'yeong of farming land was to be expropriated from part of P'aengseong-eup [in P'yeongt'aek City. In 2004, the anti-war and unification NGO groups took the side of the farmers to assist their agendas and exploited the situation to inflame the community. The protests culminated in the violent confrontation in Jul 2004 where both demonstrators and policemen were hospitalized. In Mar 2004, the U.S. and ROK negotiated an amendment to the LPP whereby the land grants planned for Uijongbu and Ichon were cancelled, and a larger grant of land at Camp Humphreys provided instead. On 1 June Yonhap News reported that the USFK had requested South Korea grant for 3.2-3.3 million pyeong of land in Pyeongtaek. Later the land was increased to 3.5 million and approved by the National Assembly. The chief obstacle in the Future of the Alliance (FOTA) talks on 7-8 Jun 2004 was the size of the new, integrated U.S. military facility in Pyeongtaek and Osan. U.S. negotiators said they required 1,130 hectares (2,800 acres) to build a new base. South Korea offered 970 hectares plus an additional 30-hectare parcel, which would provide space for UN Command and Combined Forces Command headquarters. U.S. delegates reportedly requested that the Korean government provide 480,000 pyeong of land for the Osan/Pyeongtaek base site, in addition to the 3.12 million pyeong of land already provided, in exchange for returning an additional 11.18 million pyeong of land from U.S. 2nd ID bases along with the 41.14 million pyeong (135.8 million sq. meter) that the United States had already promised to return under the LPP. (See Relocation of USFK (2004) for details.) In Aug 2004, despite its agreement to procure land for the Pyongtaek relocation, the ROK was still offering "alternative" sites and stating that giving half of the land agreed on in 2004 was impossible. Donga Ilbo, "Government to Complete the Land Purchase Deal of the USFK Bases Relocation Site in Pyongtaek by Next Year" (7 Aug 2004) stated that the Ministry of National Defense announced that they planned to complete the purchase of the 3,490,000-pyong alternative site in the Pyongtaek area in the Gyeonggi province by the end of 2005.
  • Camp Jackson, Korea -- Dongduchon
  • Camp Kitty Hawk, Korea -- (Returned 2004 along with Camp Liberty Bell, Freedom Bridge and Outpost Ouellette) Home of JSC. Small UNC Security Battalion presence
  • Camp Kwangsari -- (Closed 2005 when WRSA-K terminated.)
  • Camp Kyle, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp LaGuardia, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Libby, Korea -- Pohang (Closed: Date unk) -- Small presence to provide AFN in Pohang. CNFK DET Pohang relocates to Camp Mujuk. Listed on GlobalSecurity.org under Korean Camps. However, NOT listed on US Army Camps Korea (USPACOM).
  • Camp Long, Korea -- Wonju
  • Camp Market, Korea -- Pupyong, Seoul
  • Camp McNabb, Cheju-do, Korea -- (Closed 2005) Listed under LPP. However, NOT listed on US Army Camps Korea (USPACOM)
  • Camp Mobile, Korea -- Uijongbu
  • Camp Mujuk, Korea -- Pohang -- Marine Training Area, expansion complete; LPP land grant 2002; CNFK DET Pohang relocated to Camp Mujuk.
  • Camp Nimble, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Page, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Pelham/Camp Garry Owen, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Red Cloud, Korea -- Dongduchon
  • Camp Sears, Korea -- (Closed 2005)
  • Camp Stanley, Korea-- Dongduchon
  • Camp Stanton, Korea -- (Closed 2004)
  • Camp Walker, Korea -- Taegu -- Walker Army Heliport (H-805) closed under LPP in 2003, leaving only a small helicopter landing area on the existing site.
  • Camp Yongin, Korea -- (Closed 2004) Small presence with Combat Support Coordination Team #3 until CFC eliminated in 2012.
  • UNC Compound -- (Closed 2005)
Elements not directly under the LPP closures, but affected by LPP land grants for expansion and troop relocation impacts.
  • Fleet Activities Chinhae, Korea -- (NAVY) Naval contingency operations
  • Command Post Tango, Korea -- (ARMY) Camp Walker, Taegu
  • Command Post Oscar, Korea -- (ARMY) Camp Carroll, Taegu
  • K-16 Air Field (Seoul AB), Korea -- (ARMY) Songnam below Seoul
  • Kunsan AB, Korea -- (USAF) Previously land on the north end of the base returned to the ROK and incorporated into the Kunsan Airport. Expansion by 315 acres of land near the ammo dump has been done in 2007.
  • Kwangju AB, Korea (USAF)
  • Masan Ammo Depot, Korea -- (ARMY) near Pusan
  • Osan AB, Korea -- (ALL) Administers US operations at Osan and five collocated operating bases -- Taegu, Suwon, Kwang Ju, Kimhae and Cheong Ju – for reception and beddown of follow-on forces. Housing for future closure of Yongsan. Air Component Command with HTACC. The LPP granted Osan 411 new acres.
    • Beta Site -- South at Osan Air Base, Returned October 2002; Road from Seotan through area in work
    • Alpha Site -- Ammunition storage area at Osan Air Base; Scheduled for return under LPP in 2008
    • Mustang Valley Village Plus -- 8.8 acres, Granted Oct 2002 under LPP -- Construction in work for AF family housing
    • Osan Air Base (Northern Land) -- 128 acres, Granted under LPP in 2011; With dissolution of CFC, this land area may be cancelled.
  • Pusan Pier 8, Korea -- (ALL) Pusan Harbor The 837th Transportation Battalion (Terminal), manages the U.S. military’s seagoing cargo moving in and out of peninsula ports as well as the ship-delivered merchandise bound for the peninsula’s U.S. military commissaries and exchanges. Its personnel at Pier 8 in Busan harbor ensure the cargo clears customs and that contracted stevedores work pierside to load or unload it. Formerly headquartered at Pier 8, with soldiers living at Camp Hialeah in Busan, the battalion’s headquarters element moved to Camp Henry in Daegu in May 2006, after the Army closed Camp Hialeah. Although its headquarters now is at Camp Henry, other battalion employees continue to operate out of Pier 8, booking cargo shipments and otherwise handling the unit’s business, Calisto said. Of the battalion’s 48 personnel, 31 are South Korean nationals who typically have 18 to 20 years with the unit, Calisto said. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)
  • Busan Storage Facility -- (ARMY) Near Camp Carroll. The center consists of about 14 warehouses and 19 covered storage sheds that house supplies to shelter and feed troops based in South Korea. About 120 employees, most of them Korean, staff the center. Name officially changed from Pusan Storage Facility to Busan Storage Facility in May 2007. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)
  • Taegu Storage Area -- (ARMY) Camp Carroll
Elements impacted by the closure of the Yongsan Garrison in 2012. Relocation under a Memorandum of Understanding between the US and ROK.
  • Camp Coiner, Korea -- (ARMY) Part of Yongsan Annex. May become the US Embassy Compound after the USFK leaves Yongsan Garrison in 2012.
  • Camp Kim, Korea -- (ARMY) Part of Yongsan Annex
  • Corps of Engineers Far East District (FED) Compound, Korea -- (ARMY) Part of Yongsan Annex
  • Hannam Village, Korea -- (ARMY) Yongsan Housing area
  • Heliport (Yongsan), Korea -- (ARMY) New helipad constructed near Collier Field House on South Post in 2005 to replace a larger one near the 121st General Hospital. That landing pad closed because the US transferred 2.6 acres of the land back to South Korea to use as an entrance for their new national museum in 2005. (Source: Stars & Stripes.) (NOTE: In 1992, the Yongsan Garrison returned 77 acres to the ROK to build the new Korea National Museum and park.)
  • Yongsan Garrison, Korea (ARMY) -- Relocation 2012
On 1 Jun 2007 South Korea concluded its negotiations with the US on the return of nine U.S. military bases per a previous Security Policy Initiative (SPI) agreement. The process was concluded on 31 May as a joint committee under the SOFA approved and signed the agreement. The bases to be returned include Camp Page in Chuncheon, Camp Edwards and Camp Gary Owen in Paju, Camp Falling Water, Camp Sears, Camp Kyle and Camp Essayons in Uijeongbu, Camp Gray in Seoul and a bombing range in Maehyang-ri, Gyeonggi Province. The land totals 25.78 million square meters. They are the second batch of a total of 59 bases to be returned by 2011. Including these nine, the U.S. military has returned 23 bases this year.

According to a newly released Government Accountability Office GAO-07-1015 Defense Infrastructure report, p5, "A second area of concern is that PACOM's master plan, which provides details on the command's training limitations in Japan and several other challenges, does not provide details on the challenges the Air Force faces with training in South Korea. Senior USFK officials told us that these limitations could cause the United States to pursue alternatives, such as training in other locations, downsizing, or relocating that could affect overseas basing plans. In May 2007, USFK officials said that some progress had been made in addressing the Air Force's training challenges in South Korea and that they expected the needed upgrades to possibly be completed by mid-2007. We have previously recommended that overseas regional commands address residual value issues and that PACOM explain how it plans to address existing training limitations in our prior reports and, because these recommendations have not been fully addressed, we consider them to be open and also continue to believe they have merit." (SITE NOTE: The "residual value" refers to the Land Partnership Program (LPP) process in Korea. The GAO recommends that the USFK as a regional command seek "residual value compensation for U.S. capital improvements at installations returned to host nations." Currently the USFK is returning the bases "as is" according to the SOFA -- meaning that millions in buildings and infrastructure are returned to the ROK gratis.)

On p15 it repeats the statements on p5, "But while this year's plans provide information to respond to most of our prior recommendations, they do not address residual value—that is, the value of property being turned over to the host nation based on its reuse of property. Furthermore, PACOM's master plan does not describe the challenges the Air Force faces in training in South Korea, although it does describe for the first time the challenges addressing training limitations in Japan." ... "With respect to South Korea, PACOM provided information updating the status of the Land Partnership Plan and the Yongsan Relocation Plan,20 including a list of U.S. military camps and sites returned to the Government of South Korea, and describing the results from the October 2006 meeting between the Secretary of Defense and South Korea's Minister of Defense. "

(20) As discussed in our prior reports, within the provisions of the Land Partnership Plan and the Yongsan Relocation Plan, USFK intends to strengthen its overall military effectiveness by consolidating installations north of Seoul, including the Yongsan Army Garrison located in the Seoul metropolitan area, into two major hubs in the central and southern sections of South Korea. USFK expects the consolidation and relocation of thousands of soldiers to increase readiness, efficiencies, and cost savings; enhance quality of life; provide a lessintrusive presence; and increase training opportunities. (p21)
On p16 it continued, "This year, PACOM provided information on remediation actions taken by USFK before returning installations to South Korea, such as skimming fuel from groundwater at five camps. Last year, USFK also discussed its efforts to coordinate with the Government of South Korea on remediation of vacated U.S. bases; officials expect these efforts will accelerate the return of vacated facilities and areas to the Government of South Korea and the relocation of U.S. forces from Seoul and other locations. (SITE NOTE: It has not accelerated the return as progressives continue to protest the pollution on the bases.)

(21) On April 7, 2006, USFK announced a plan for the return of facilities and areas that have been vacated by the command to the Government of South Korea. This plan includes a number of measures designed to address issues identified in joint South Korea and U.S. environmental surveys of these vacated facilities and areas. For example, the plan calls for the United States to remove underground fuel storage tanks to preclude future leaks and initiate a technology process for skimming fuel from the groundwater at locations where this contamination was found." (p21)


Korean Bases/Camps (2003)

US Forces in Korea

US Forces Korea

In 2003, there were about 37,500 military personnel in the USFK area of responsibility, including about 225 aircraft of all types. However, by 2004, the entire scenario changed significantly and the USFK was to reduce its forces by 12,000. By 2007, the manning was down to 28,000 of the agreed to 25,000 personnel reduction. However, there will be further modifications to the numbers as the transfer of wartime control to the ROK will entail the elimination of the CFC and possibly the relocation of the UNC out of the ROK.


The number of troops deployed in the area does not fluctuate -- though there are increases in numbers during specific exercises such as Foal Eagle. Ground forces include a variety of units that are normally eployed in the region, which total about 10,000 troops. Forces in the region include Patriot missile batteries, Apache helicopter squadrons, a mechanized infantry brigade, an air assault brigade, various support, intelligence and other units.

The Air Force has two wings located in the USFK region with some 8,800 personnel, operating a total of about 100 aircraft of all types in 2003. However, there have been significant cuts in manning at both Osan and Kunsan AB due to the changing mission and agreed to troop reductions with manning at approximately 8,300. The specific number of aircraft is restricted so numbers operate on a "best-guess" basis. There are significant proficiency training problems as the ROK has failed to provide a dedicated bombing range for US pilots to maintain their proficiency after the loss of the Kooni Range. Though the USAF shares Chikdo range (70km off Kunsan) with the ROKAF, the range still has not been upgraded to a automated scoring system as of mid-2007. In 2006, then 7AF Commander threatened the removal of USAF units from Korea if the problem was not resolved.

US Naval Forces, Korea is particularly small, numbering around 270 sailors and between 50-240 marines. CNFK normally has no seagoing forces assigned, though its personnel are assigned to various joint, combined, and Navy billets throughout the ROK peninsula. These personnel are actively engaged in planning and execution of numerous operations and exercises throughout the Korean theater. Only one ship has been assigned to the region for over 30 years, that being the USS Pueblo captured on 23 January 1968 and currently docked as a floating "war souvenier" at Pyongyang. After the US agreed to return wartime control to the ROK, the ROK realized that it did not have the resources to launch any naval counterattack without 7th Fleet resources. As the US moves to a "support" role, there will be future US-ROK negotiations in this area.

US Non-military individuals in Korea can be divided into two categories, contractors and family members. There are roughly 4,000 contractors and and 11,500 family members in Korea at any given time. The problem of accounting for numbers of USFK personnel is that there are significant numbers of civilian contractor personnel and of military families at various facilities in the region further complicates accounting for total personnel numbers. In addition, there are "visiting" family members that causes the numbers to fluctuate as well. The USFK has made it mandatory for all family members to be accounted for -- whether command sponsored or not. As the move of units off the DMZ and out of Yongsan nears, there will be many changes in DoDs schools, housing and consolidation of taskings for contractors. In 2007, the USFK Commander was seeking support for a three-year controlled tour for Korea. (NOTE: Phase II Family Towers at Camp Humphreys opened in Sep 2006. Construction on new family apartments in Mustang Village, Osan AB underway in 2007.)

In 2005, the ‘Build to Lease’ concept was tested with a $26 million, 144-unit project for unaccompanied ncos and officers at K-16. It was the first of its kind for USFK and was to be constructed at virtually no cost to the U.S Army. It was to be completed in July 2007. This facility will be constructed, owned and operated by the private sector for the exclusive use of U.S. military personnel authorized to reside at K-16. The U.S. Army will lease the housing project on a pay-as-you-go basis for up to 15 years, renewable for up to another 15 years. The lease cost, approximately $3.5 million annually, will represent a 40 percent savings over off-post housing at the full Overseas Housing Allowance entitlements. New construction at Camp Humphreys will also be open to BLT construction once the Master Plan is complete.

(Go to GlobalSecurity.org at U.S. Forces Order of Battle: Table of Organization for a breakdown of the units by organizational designator. NOTE: As of May 2007, not updated.)

US Forces Japan

U.S. Forces, Japan, with its U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps elements, consists of approximately 47,000 military personnel, 52,000 dependents, 5,500 DOD civilian employees and 23,500 Japanese workers. Military Oplans for Korea rely heavily on immediate aid from the forces in Japan. In the event of a war, the assistance will be air support, naval support and immediate U.S. Marine intervention.

In May 2006, the USFJ Realignment Treaty was signed -- and the US moved swiftly to give the Roh administration what it wanted -- wartime control. Under this treaty, the Japanese agreed to foot 75 percent of the costs to relocate part of the 3rd MEU to Guam from Okinawa -- which were part of the forces that were supposed to arrive in the ROK within 24 hours (via fast ships) in the event of a DPRK attack. Basically, the treaty allowed the US breathing room to pull its forces back to Guam -- and build a force structure as a "supporter" of the Korean forces instead of its patron. Under this realignment, the Japanese also started to make moves to allow its Self-Defense Forces (SDF) to assume a regional role. At the same time, the Japanese joined with the US in erecting a Missile Defense System (MDS) against North Korea's missiles through joint research and development. In 2006, the first of the X-band radars arrived in Japan, Aegis destroyers were equipped with SM3 missiles, and in 2007, the Japanese deployed the first PAC-3s within their major cities. Though the ROK was offered a chance to join into this MDS, it declined fearing it would upset its overtures to the North. In addition, the Japanese started making moves in 2007 to change Article 9 of the Peace Constitution that would allow the SDF to take on a regional defense role.

MILITARY FORCES IN KOREA:



  • U.S. MILITARY FORCES IN KOREA:

    • UNITED NATIONS COMMAND (UNC) -- The UNC, established on 24 July 1950, marked the first time in history that nations of the world united under the UN flag to repel aggression. The mission of UNC is to maintain the provisions of the Armistice Agreement, which resulted in the cessation of hostilities. (NOTE: Though the UNC controls the DMZ, the ROK passage to the Kaesong Industrial Area was simplified with the submittal of names by the ROK Ministry of Unification to the UNC in advance.) The Military Armistice Commission, which supervises implementation of the Armistice, is composed of officers from the UNC, north Korea and China. Under the agreement for transfer of wartime control to the ROK in 2012, the Commander of USFK has stated that he cannot perform the function. "The U.N. commander will have no command authority over any ROK forces, with the ROK military commanding the demilitarized zone and sea patrol in the Northern Limit Line (NLL)," he said,. "And the ROK military will have the command authority of all forces in potential contact with an enemy." He added the future U.N. commander will likely assume a supporting role in the relationship similar to the future supporting role between the two allies. (Source: Yonhap News.)

      A need to enhance the roles of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and the Military Armistice Commission as the two main UNC bodies mandated to supervise the armistice actions between South and North Korea. Analysts said the basic guideline implicates that the alliance shape will face a bigger metamorphosis than previously expected along with changes in a wide range of military details. (Source: Korea Herald.)

      Recommendations from pundits are to transfer the UNC to Camp Zama, Japan, but as of 2007 there has been no official announcement. Bases in Japan are designated as UN supply bases so the mechanics are in-place -- leftovers from the Korean War.


    • ROK-US COMBINED FORCES COMMAND (CFC) -- CFC exercises operational control over Korean and American forces responsible for the defense of the Republic. Should our mutual policy of deterrence fail, Combined Forces Command would direct combat operations to defeat an enemy attack. The CFC is slated to be dissolved in 2012 when the ROK assumes wartime control of its forces. There are many problems associated with the transfer -- the most significant is the ROK lack of intelligence hardware (satellites) and intelligence gathering resources (UAV). The ROK is undergoing significant hardware upgrades in next-generation fighters and AWACS, but there are also questions over whether the ROK will have the finances to support its ambitious upgrade programs -- as it struggles to fund its ambitious social programs at the same time. As of 2007, the ROK still does have any Theater Missile Defense (TMD) and is still negotiating to buy "used" PAC-2 missiles. The strategic taskings are being transferred to the ROK -- with seven already completed -- but the remaining areas are questionable.


    • UNITED STATES FORCES KOREA (USFK) -- A U.S. Army four-star general serves as commander-in-chief of the United Nations Command, the ROK/US Combined Forces Command and U.S. Forces Korea. USFK includes all U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine, and Special Operations elements stationed in Korea. USFK headquarters is located on Yongsan Army Garrison, Seoul. (NOTE: The current reorganization of the USFK into a mobile, regional defense force along with the withdrawal of forces from the DMZ/Yongsan and elimination of the CFC, has caused pundits to recommend considering the removal of the 8th US Army (EUSA) as an "administrative" layer. If the EUSA is eliminated, there is speculation that the position in Korea may be reduced to a three-star position, with the four-star at the Pacific Command (PACOM) in Hawaii -- and the role of overseeing Korean "contingencies" falling to I Corps in Camp Zama, Japan. According to the Army Transformation Roadmap of 2004, I Corps should transition to its UEx model by 2010. To allay the ROK fears, the US promised that the USFK head position will remain a four-star slot, but it tactfully did not say for how long.)

      There have been arguably two separate, but related, transformations of the US military over the past decade that will continue for the foreseeable future. The first is the transformation from an industrial age force to an information age force. Vast leaps in information technology in the areas of intelligence and surveillance, command and control, as well as precision kinetic and non-kinetic weapons, are dramatically reshaping warfare. Before long, joint force commanders will be able to see the entire battlespace, identify key adversary centers of gravity, and rapidly communicate that information to friendly combat forces so they can use precision munitions to destroy/affect those centers. Put another way, a commander could defeat an adversary by disabling its ability to operate as opposed to bleeding it to death with mass attrition through sequential operations or produce the effects of mass without having to mass forces (air, ground, or naval). This approach would require the deployment of fewer forces (and thus enhance rapid mobility), reduce the length of the conflict, and limit collateral damage. In seeing the entire battlespace through advanced C4ISR capabilities, a commander would also be able to identify threats and communicate that information to forces in time to avoid them. In the context of air and space operations, the keys to threat avoidance and applying the right force to the right place at the right time are the closely related concepts of parallel warfare and Effects-Based Operations (EBO).

      The second ongoing transformation is that from a Cold War to a post-Cold War force. The military advantages America currently enjoys are in danger of eroding in the face of new, unique challenges in the post-Cold War security environment. The United States must prepare for new forms of terrorism, attacks on its space assets, information attacks on its networks, cruise and ballistic missile attacks on its forces and territory, and attacks by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-explosive (CBRNE)-armed adversaries. It must also cope with the unique demands of peace operations, homeland security, urban operations, and low-intensity conflicts. To deal with this new security environment, where traditional concepts of deterrence may no longer apply, the US military must be able to conduct operations effectively across the entire spectrum of conflict against a broad range of potential adversaries. (Source: Air Force Transformation FAQ.)

      There have been significant disagreements between the ROK and the US over the shift to a regional role for the US forces. As of 2007, both parties have "agreed to disagree" with the ROK saying they "understand" the US position on its global positioning strategy, but will not concur with having any US forces on Korean soil being used in a regional defense role. In addition, developments of Mar 2006 with Japan agreeing to a restructuring of the USFJ has directly impacted on the USFK mission as some US forces supporting the USFK in time of war (i.e., 3MEU) were to be moved from Okinawa to Guam. (See USFK Website .)

      The Roh administration's rapproachment "Peace and Prosperity" policy -- in continuing Kim Dae-jung's "Sunshine" policy -- has strained the US-ROK alliance to the point that it started to crumble around the edges. To the USFK, which is committed to the defense of Korea, the fact that the ROK will not name the DPRK as its "main enemy" creates friction. In the past, the ROK refused to approve Oplan 5026 (Theater Warfare) because it called for the invasion of the North ("taking the fight North") if the ROK were attacked.

      At the beginning of 2007, the USFK was sticking to its estimate that the transfer of wartime control could take place in 2009, but the ROK demanded the wartime control be slipped to 2012. In Feb 2007, Sec of Defense Gates agreed to the 2012 date, though demanding that the ROK pick up its cost-sharing responsibilities. The agreement for a 2012 date for the ROK to assume wartime control turned things upside down. The CFC was to move to Camp Humphreys/Osan AB and now the master plan has to accomodate the change. The CFC is to be dismantled and the UNC may move its functions to Camp Zama, Japan. In addition, the USFK commander has built his case before Congress that without control of the CFC, he cannot fulfill his tasking as the UNC commander. There is talk that the "Korean contingency" responsibility may shift to I Corps which is returning to Camp Zama as of 2006 from Washington state -- but nothing official. According to the Army Transformation Roadmap of 2004, I Corps should transition to its UEx model by 2010.

      In Jun 2007, a ROK JCS and USFK press release stated that, "Through a deliberate process incorporating multiple theater-level exercises and evaluations, the (ROK) JCS will achieve initial operational capability as the theater war fighting command by late 2009 and attain full operational capability by the end of 2011." The JCS will overhaul its organization to have sufficient capability to exercise independent wartime operational control by the target date. In the first major overhaul of the JCS in about two decades, the apparatus will enhance its operation department by the first half of 2009, becoming the Joint Forces Command. Eight combat institutions will be created in the organization. The allies will also establish a new joint military coordination system by 2009 to replace the current Korea-U.S. Combined Forces Command. The Alliance Military Coordination Center (AMCC) will link the two separate commands of the Korean and U.S. troops, with its 10 subordinate institutions. The 10 institutions will cover joint operational planning, information sharing, crisis management, joint military exercises, combat tactics development, military cooperation abroad, logistics support and the C4I digital command system. Under the new alliance system, ground and naval forces operations will be led by the Korean military, while the United States will provide aerial-centric support to the Korean troops. The alliance's air forces will create a combined air and space operation center to enhance joint command for U.S.-led aerial operations in wartime. By 2009, the two countries will also repeal the allies' combined war scenario, codenamed OPLAN 5027 and draw up a new war plan designed for independent operations of the two militaries. (Source: Korea Herald.)

      There are many skeptics of the ROK's ambitious military upgrade plans from the standpoint that it simply does not have the money. Also the ROK has committed only 2.7 percent of its GDP annually for the past decade -- and by annually "reprioritizing" its upgrade programs, most programs were left unfunded. The net effect was very little was done in the way of meaningful upgrades. The second problem is that the ROK has always "gone cheap." For example, on its UAV program instead of going first class, it bought a cheap UAV that has neither the altitude nor the reliability required to provide it with any usable intelligence. Its Arirang multipurpose "spy" satellite produces pictures that are not capable of being used for intelligence -- and a French company has a contract to improve its imagery. Its C4I abilities are missing the "I" for intelligence -- and it still must rely on the US for intel. The other elements of the C4I formula are still in work because the ROK insists on developing its own indigenous C4I system.

      The procurement of its AWACS was a fiasco where the ROK kept going out for bids, but only Boeing met the specs. In the end, the ROK agreed to a contract with Boeing, but it appeared they wanted to renegotiate the price again. The list goes on and on. Because it delayed procuring next-generation helicopters, it has been forced into a bind whereby the Eurocopter makers are going to design a ROK copter from scratch. The ROK idea of using one chassis and motor for different mission aircraft proved to be a little too difficult -- and now the designers are at work, but the fleet is reaching its end of usable life expectancy. After five years, the ROK still has not procured a TMD (Theater Missile Defense) screen such as the PAC-3 missiles -- or even the used PAC-2 missiles from Germany which it has been haggling over the price with. Instead, it remains under the USFK Patriot PAC-3 umbrella -- but the USFK Commander Gen Bell has reminded them again in 2007 that they must move on getting their own TMD.

      A stagnating domestic economy since 2003 -- supported only by export growth -- will need massive expenditures for its promised social programs in the near future. In addition, the ROK plans to reduce its military manning by 2018 as falling birthrates will impact on eligible enlistees. The situation occurs as the US reduces its forces -- the ROK is reducing its forces as well. This is happening at a time when there is a DPRK nuclear crisis -- and a DPRK military that is supported by a "military-first" policy. Unmonitored ROK aid of food and supplies is alleged to go to the DPRK military first, then the power elite and finally to the people for which the aid is intended -- at a time when the UN's World Food Program (WFP) pulled out of the North because the DPRK refused to allow it to monitor its food distribution.

      In addition, there is an on-going disagreement over the "cost-sharing" formulas -- though the drawn-out discussion on relocation costs seems to have been resolved as of May 2007. As to cost sharing, the US wants the ROK to foot 50 percent of the burden, but the ROK instead wants reductions in the cost formulas because the US is removing 12,000 troops. This confrontation led in 2005 to the dismissal of ROK temporary workers as the USFK ran out of money -- after the ROK refused to increase its share. Because the cost-sharing has not been resolved, the USFK commander has hinted that under the circumstances, the move to Pyeongtaek from Yongsan and the DMZ may have to be "reevaluated."

      The friction has extended to negotiations on costs for relocations off the DMZ and out of Yongsan. Though the ROK has agreed to pay approximately 50 percent of the costs as of May 2007, there are still many unresolved issues. Due to delays for the move to Pyeongtaek -- which the ROK blames on activists -- many of the actions to open up the land remain up in the air. Some of these issues are the $500 million flood control improvements that are needed in Pyeongtaek, but the ROK claiming it does not have the landfill for the project.

      The refusal of the ROK to accept camps back under the LPP program over pollution concerns continues to be a thorn. The return of camps under the Land Partnership Plan (LPP) turned into a nightmare when the ROK refused to accept the camps because of pollution allegations -- while the US position is that the SOFA states the camps will be returned "as is" -- after cleaning up to KISE (Known, Imminent, Substantial Endangerment to Human Health) standards. In frustration in 2007, the USFK simply withdrew its civilian guards of vacated camps and left the camps in ROK hands -- whether they accepted them back or not.

      The USFK is involved in many disputes with the ROK over cost-sharing and even the ability of the USAF elements to use Chikdo Range -- located 70km off Kunsan. Persistent issues of anti-Americanism and political friction from the ROK "sunshine policy" support of North Korea (rapproachement) -- despite the fact that the USFK presence is predicated on the DPRK being the enemy.

      In 2007, the USFK commander requested Congressional consideration for turning the ROK into a controlled three-year tour, but there are severe limitations for a base such as Kunsan. Only 10 percent of the married are provided with housing here in South Korea against 74 percent in Europe and 72 percent in Japan. This is why South Korea is the country U.S. service people, especially command-level officers, most hate to serve in. However, the biggest problem with Korea is the one-year 'remote" tours impacts on continuity and constant training is required due to manning losses.



  • U.S. AIR FORCE USAF wings are structured to fulfill a mission from a specific base, and contain a headquarters and four groups: an operations group, a maintenance group, a medical group and a mission support group. Such a wing is referred to as a Combat Wing Organization, which is comparable to a brigade in the US Army. The Air Force Transformation Flightplan of 2004 called for the transformation from an industrial age force to an information age force. Vast leaps in information technology in the areas of intelligence and surveillance, command and control, as well as precision kinetic and non-kinetic weapons, are dramatically reshaping warfare. Before long, joint force commanders will be able to see the entire battlespace, identify key adversary centers of gravity, and rapidly communicate that information to friendly combat forces so they can use precision munitions to destroy/affect those centers. Put another way, a commander could defeat an adversary by disabling its ability to operate as opposed to bleeding it to death with mass attrition through sequential operations or produce the effects of mass without having to mass forces (air, ground, or naval). The HTACC at Osan AB plays a role in this. In seeing the entire battlespace through advanced C4ISR capabilities, a commander would also be able to identify threats and communicate that information to forces in time to avoid them. In the context of air and space operations, the keys to threat avoidance and applying the right force to the right place at the right time are the closely related concepts of parallel warfare and Effects-Based Operations (EBO).
    • 7th Air Force, Air Forces Korea (Osan Airbase) -- The Seventh Air Force role is to plan, direct, and conduct combined air operations in the Republic of Korea and in the Northwest Pacific in support of PACAF, US Pacific Command, United Nations Command, US-ROK Combined Forces Command, and US Forces Korea. Although primarily a combat ready command, 7 AF also provides assistance to non-combatants and civilians with the region. Rescue at sea, typhoon evacuations, and medical assistance to the needy are but a few of the instances in which the men and women of the Seventh Air Force have extended an open hand. In 2007, the 7th Air Force maintains readiness of more than 100 operational units and 8,815 personnel -- to drop to around 8,500. 7th AF, headquartered at Osan Air Base, includes the 51st Fighter Wing, 607th Air Support Operations, Air Intelligence and Air Operations groups, and the 8th Fighter Wing at Kunsan AB. (See 7AF.)


      In 2003 it appeared that the USFK would be moved to Osan-Pyeongtaek area in the long term, with the headquarters of the CFC and UNC moved to the area from Yongsan. However, the decision to turn the wartime control over to the ROK made in 2006 stopped this move in its tracks as the CFC will be dissolved and UNC possibly relocated to Japan. However, construction of family towers at both Osan AB and Camp Humphreys continues. In addition, other buildings are following the "BTL" (build to lease) concept as was done at K-16 (Seoul AB). In 2007, modifications are being made to the Master Plan for relocating soldiers from the DMZ and Yongsan to accomodate these changes.

      The wartime control issue has also thrown a monkey wrench into how the USAF will do business in Korea. The transfer of wartime control to the ROK in 2012 will result in the dissolution of the Combined Air Component Command (CACC) and remove the 7AF commander as its head. As part of the U.S. Air Force's plan to establish Warfighting Headquarters (WFHQs), 7 AF will evolve into a Warfighting Headquarters for United States Forces Korea, but in what form it will be as it is in a "support" role after the wartime control transfer is yet to be seen.

      What form the interface with the ROK will take is still unknown. The ROK has sought to develop indigenous systems for its intelligence gathering and defense systems. Unfortunately, it has been proven that the ROK simply does not have the capability at this time to "go it alone" in many areas. However, without accepting to "piggy-back" onto the US intelligence and C4I systems there will be major stumbling blocks in the future as the USFK moves to a "supporting" role -- versus the "patron" role it held in the past.

      In Jun 2007, it was reported that the USFK and ROK JCS had reached an agreement on the future shape of the alliance. The alliance's air forces will create a combined air and space operation center to enhance joint command for U.S.-led aerial operations in wartime. By 2009, the two countries will also repeal the allies' combined war scenario, codenamed OPLAN 5027 and draw up a new war plan designed for independent operations of the two militaries. (Source: Korea Herald.) Under this agreement, it appears that the HTACC will remain in place as the USFK's air force control center in support of the ROK forces who will be controlling the land and naval elements. It appears that when the OPLAN 5027 is eliminated, the concept of contingency forces for Korea will also be revamped for Korea.


      Combined Air Component Command (CACC)


      How the ROK and allied components will act in case of war is still under review. It appears that the US will commit the 7th fleet naval aerial forces with other air units from Japan in case of war -- as the USFK moves to a support role of the ROK -- instead of a direct combat role. The US military air actions will be controlled from the US HTACC at Osan, but how this will interface with the ROK which wants to develop its own indigenous system is still unknown. The bottomline is that the US will move into a "support" role starting in 2012 -- but no one really knows the impacts or what Oplans will be developed. These coordinated air warfare functions will most likely continue to fall under the HTACC at Osan AB even after the CACC disappears. The ROKAF AOC (Air Operations Command) is located on Osan AB along with the 37th Tactical Intelligence Group (TIG) and have had a close working relationship with the 7th AF components over the years. (See Osan AB ROKAF for details on the ROKAF at Osan AB.) In May 2007, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration said the office delivered control of the C4I system, which connects the Air Operations Command (AOC) and all air force units, to the Air Force. (Source: Korea Herald.) This would handle the "control" element of the C4I, but the ROK has serious deficiencies dealing with the "intelligence" aspects of the C4I formula, as well as "communications" between the services.

      The Hardened Theater Air Control Center at Osan AB is the largest Combined Air Operations Center in the world. The "Hardened" in the HTACC's designation derives from the 10-foot-thick walls, hence the nickname "Cheyenne Mountain of South Korea." The Hardened Theater Air Control Center's Defense Red Switch Network provided superior multi-level, self-authenticating, flexible, secure communications, which enhanced leadership's command and control effectiveness. Osan needs data supplied by its tenant reconnaissance/intelligence units. (See HTACC: War Room (Apr 2007) for stories about the HTACC.)

      There are significant pilot proficiency training problems in Korea as the ROK has failed to provide a dedicated bombing range for US pilots to maintain their proficiency after the loss of the Kooni Range. USAF pilots claim the lack of Weapons Impact Scoring System (WISS) at Chikdo has led to the inability to get documented bombing proficiency scores that affect their promotion eligibility. Pilots are having to be sent to exercises outside of Korea to obtain the required proficiency training. Instead of the ROK taking over the island and placing it under a government ministry (i.e., Forestry Ministry), the Roh administration has left the Chikdo range under the control of the Kunsan City government. In 2006, the 7AF Commander threatened the removal of USAF units from Korea if the problem was not resolved. As of May 2007, Chikdo range (70km off Kunsan) still has not been upgraded with WISS system. The scheduling of range time has always been a problem in Korea, but has intensified after the loss of the Kooni Range near Maehyang-ri, Hwasong due to the relentless onslaught of environmental NGO activists -- and constant barrage of erroneous information in the media. The USAF currently must share both the Pilsung and Chikdo ranges with the ROKAF and proposed sharing formulas leave much to be desired. (EPILOGUE: The WISS System installed in Chikdo in Sep 2007, but Kunsan government has made stipulations that could shut the range down. The ratio is seven to three for ROKAF: USAF use.)

      • 5th Reconnaisance Squadron -- U-2 -- , The 5th Reconnaissance Squadron, nicknamed the Blackcats, flies the gliderlike U-2s on daily missions that can last 11 or 12 hours. There's no rest for a unit that delivers information capable of deciding a battle's outcome. After two decades of being the warfighter's eyes and ears in Korea, the 5th has flown more than 7,000 operational sorties. Using data-link capabilities in near real-time, the 5th RS provides fresh images to the 694th Intelligence Group for dissemination to policy-makers and combat troops.
      • 607th Air Operations Group
      • 607th Air Support Group
      • 607th Air Support Operations Group (ASOG) -- The 607 ASOG is primarily responsible for supporting the Korean Theater Air Control System (KTACS) by maintaining ground radar sites, with air and tactical air support provided by a tactical air control center, air support operations center, forward air controllers, tactical air control parties, as well as providing weather support, all tied together with communications personnel and equipment. Additionally, the 607 ASOG is responsible for reception, staging, operations, and integration of all joint command and control augmenting forces in the Korean theater. The 607th ASOG has units throughout Korea, at Osan Air Base, Yongsan Army Garrison, Camps Humphreys, Red Cloud, Stanley, Casey, Walker, Page and Stanton Army Installations, including the Third Republic of Korea Air Liason Office (TROKA-ALO) .
      • 694th Intelligence Group (formerly the 607th Air Intelligence Group) under the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency designated in Apr 2008. 607th Air Intelligence Group
      • 607th Air Intelligence Squadron -- (NOTE: The 607th Air Intelligence Group was deactivated and reactivated as the 694th Intelligence Group under the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency in Apr 2008.) The squadron is comprised of six flights of approximately 180 officer and enlisted personnel. 607 AIS works with its ROKAF counterpart, the 37th Tactical Intelligence Group of Osan AB. The 607 AIS provides the Combined Forces Air Component Command (CFACC)/Commander, Seventh Air Force (7AF) with the Intelligence support necessary to plan, conduct, control and coordinate air operations in accordance with the tasks assigned by the commander, Air Component Command (CACC) and the commander, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). Specific functions include indications and warning, analysis, targeting, collection management support, exploitation, and dissemination of all-source Intelligence information in support of combat planning, combat operations, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) management, and combat readiness of 7AF and subordinate units to include theater gained assets. The 607 AIS is primarily an Aerospace Operations Center (AOC) and Distributed Ground Station (DGS) tasked unit. (NOTE: The new ROK AOC is located on Osan AB as well and the intel is shared with the 37th TIG (ROKAF) of Osan AB.)
      • 607th Air Space and Satellite Communications Squadron
      • 607th Accounting and Finance Squadron
      • 554th Red Horse Squadron (CRHS)
      • 51st Fighter Wing (Osan AB)
      • 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan AB)
      • Kwangju AB (Kwangju) -- The 51st Fighter Wing, headquartered at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, maintains and administers US operations at Osan and five collocated operating bases -- Taegu, Suwon, Kwang Ju, Kimhae and Cheong Ju – for reception and beddown of follow-on forces. The Wing's 51st Logistics Support Squadron plans, programs and initiates actions for the rapid reception and beddown of US forces deploying to the Republic of Korea during contingencies or wartime by maintaining five collocated operating bases and seven munitions storage sites. The 90th FS from Elmendorf used Kwangju AB for over 90 days during rising tensions with the North in 2005. However, with the US moving to a support role when the ROK takes over wartime control in 2012, the PAC-3 Patriots were moved to Camp Carroll and the base has reverted to a exercise combat turn location. Assets at Kimhae were relocated to Camp Carroll when Camp Hialeah in Pusan was closed in 2006. Contingency bases are Taegu, Suwon and Osan -- with the follow-on reception at Camp Humphreys. NEO evacuations will operate through Camp Humphreys as well.

        The United States Air Force has a continuing requirement to maintain adequate supplies of ammunition and explosives within the ROK to support wartime and contingency operational plans. Since capabilities are limited on USAF-controlled installations, the US obtained additional storage capabilities through a concept known as MAGNUM (Munitions Storage Activities Gained by Negotiations of USAF/ROKAF Memorandum). MAGNUMs are a concept unique to Korea, where USAF-titled munitions are stored at facilities which are owned, operated, and protected by the ROKAF. Accordingly, the USAF has very little control over the storage of munitions within these areas and no authority to enforce the maintenance of Q-D clear zones. As a result of encroachment by the Korean civilians into the explosive clear zones, there are large numbers of exposures around the MAGNUMs. There is a permanent exemption from US DOD Q-D standards for off-installation and ROK exposures created by storage of USAF munitions at MAGNUM locations. This exemption applies for all off-installation and ROK violations created by the originally sited net explosives weight (NEW) of storage structures located at the Osan, Kunsan, Suwon, Kwang Ju, Sachon, Taegu, and Cheong Ju MAGNUMs.
      • USAF Tenant organizations such as 607th Weather Squadron with detachments throughout Korea


    • 51st Fighter Wing (Osan AB) (OS, "Charging Mustangs") South Korea and the United States agreed 17 January 2004 in a meeting held in Hawaii, US, to relocate all the US troops currently stationed in Seoul. The two allies reached the agreement at the end of a two-day meeting named "Future of the ROK (Republic of Korea)-US Alliance Policy Initiative" talks. All the 8,000 US troops, including the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC) and the United Nations Command (UNC), will move out of Seoul to Pyeongtaek before 2006. Only the USFK general command office along with 50 relevant personnel will remain in Seoul. South Korea will shoulder all the expenses of 3 billion US dollars of the relocation. (See 51st FW Osan Airbase Homepage) The 51st FW plays an integral role in the ability of the USFK to receive and integrate follow-on forces on the peninsula by maintaining support elements at ROK air bases, including Kwangju AB. (See kalaniosullivan.com: Osan AB for history of Osan AB and Songtan City from its beginnings to present.)

      Osan AB is also home of the ROKAF Air Operations Command (AOC) and the ROKAF Air Defense Command (ADA). (NOTE: The ROKAF took over the ADA commitment in 1991, but the ROK Army in 2006 stated that it would create an ADA command built around its ATACMS/MLRS systems.)

      Under the original 2002 LPP program, Osan Air Base returned Beta Site South, a long-standing point of contention between the U.S. military and the city of Pyongtaek, and Alpha Site, an ammunition storage point several miles from the base was returned to Korea. In exchange, the ROK granted Osan 411 new acres. One parcel, called Mustang Valley Village Plus (8.8 acres) deeded in 2002, is the current site of new Air Force family housing construction. The LPP new land grant included the Osan Air Base (Delta Plus), 275 acres in 2005. It also included the Osan Air Base (Northern Land), 128 acres to be granted in 2011 for expansion due to the CFC/UNC relocation. The latter may be renegotiated with the current changes to wartime control.

      Currently residents of Seotan-myon in Pyeongtaek are protesting an Air Force decision to buy a 462,000-sq.m site (114.1 acres) in the area supposedly for "a base to be built by 2010." That site is near a 2.11 million-sq.m (518.9 acres) plot earmarked for the U.S. military. A Defense Ministry official said, "The 462,000-sq.m site will be developed to secure a safety zone for an Air Force ammunition depot. It has nothing to do with the expansion of the U.S. military base." (Source: Chosun Ilbo.) (NOTE: The "safety zone" problem for stored munitions has been a problem for over thirty years and identified in numerous USAF inspection reports over the years -- along with safety problems for the transportation of the ammo to the flightline.)

      • 51st Wing Staff Agencies: Inspector General (IG); Comptroller (CPTS); Safety (SE); Chapel (HC); Judge Advocate General; (JAG); Protocol (CCP); Command Post (OC); Public Affairs (PA); Military Equal Opportunity (MEO); Historian (HO)
      • 51st Operations Group
        • 25th Fighter Squadron (green, "Assam Dragons") -- 20 - A-10/OA-10


          A-10 Thunderbolt II A-10s were initially an unwelcome addition to the arsenal in the eyes of Air Force brass. The Air Force prized the high-flying, high-performance F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon jets, and were determined to leave the dirty work of close air support to Army helicopters. Attempts to transfer the A-10 to the Army and the Marines were at first prevented by the 1948 Key West Agreement, and then by the A-10's impressive combat record during the Gulf War in 1991. Shortly after the war, the Air Force gave up on the idea of replacing the A-10 with a ground attack version of the F-16. The A-10 has superior maneuverability at low speeds and altitude, thanks to straight, wide wings with downturned "droop" wing tips. These also allow short takeoffs and landings, permitting operations from rugged, forward airfields near front lines. The plane can loiter for extended periods of time and operate under 1,000 feet (300 m) ceilings with 1.5-mile (2.4 km) visibility. It typically flies at a relatively slow speed of 180 knots (200 mph or 320 km/h), which makes it a much better candidate for the ground-attack role than fast fighter-bombers, which often have difficulty targeting small and slow-moving targets.

          The 'Warthog' is exceptionally hardy, to the point that some have likened it to an airborne tank. Its strong airframe can survive direct hits from armor-piercing and high-explosive projectiles up to 23 mm. The aircraft has triple redundancy in its flight systems, with mechanical systems to back up double-redundant hydraulic systems. This permits pilots to fly and land when hydraulic power or part of a wing is lost. Flight without hydraulic power uses the manual reversion flight control system; this engages automatically for pitch and yaw control, and under pilot control (manual reversion switch) for roll control. In manual reversion mode, the A-10 is sufficiently controllable under favorable conditions to return to base and land, though control forces are much higher than normal. The aircraft is designed to fly with one engine, one tail, one elevator and half a wing torn off. Self-sealing fuel tanks are protected by fire-retardant foam. Additionally, the main landing gear is designed so that the wheels semi-protrude from their nacelles when the gear is retracted so as to make gear-up landings (belly landing) easier to control and less damaging to the aircraft's underside.

          A-10 Thunderbolt II


        • 36th Fighter Squadron (red/black, "Flying Fiends") -- 24 - F-16C/D Block 40


          F-16 C/D Fighting Falcon -- The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a compact, multirole fighter aircraft. It is highly maneuverable and has proven itself in air-to-air combat and air-to-surface attack. It provides a relatively low-cost, high-performance weapon system for the United States and allied nations.

          In an air combat role, the F-16's maneuverability and combat radius (distance it can fly to enter air combat, stay, fight and return) exceed that of all potential threat fighter aircraft. It can locate targets in all weather conditions and detect low flying aircraft in radar ground clutter. In an air-to-surface role, the F-16 can fly more than 500 miles (860 kilometers), deliver its weapons with superior accuracy, defend itself against enemy aircraft, and return to its starting point. An all-weather capability allows it to accurately deliver ordnance during non-visual bombing conditions.

          The original F-16 was designed as a lightweight air-to-air day fighter. Air-to-ground responsibilities transformed the first production F-16s into multirole fighters. The empty weight of the Block 10 F-16A is 15,600 pounds. The empty weight of the Block 50 is 19,200 pounds. The A in F-16A refers to a Block 1 through 20 single-seat aircraft. The B in F-16B refers to the two-seat version. The letters C and D were substituted for A and B, respectively, beginning with Block 25. Block is an important term in tracing the F-16's evolution. Basically, a block is a numerical milestone.The block number increases whenever a new production configuration for the F-16 is established. Not all F-16s within a given block are the same. They fall into a number of block subsets called miniblocks. These sub-block sets are denoted by capital letters following the block number (Block 15S, for example). From Block 30/32 on, a major block designation ending in 0 signifies a General Electric engine; one ending in 2 signifies a Pratt & Whitney engine. (Source: Global Security.org: F-16


          F-16 Fighting Falcon


        • 55th Airlift Squadron (ALS) ("Double Nickel") (JUN 2007: C-12J AIRCRAFT TRANSFER TO 459TH AS, YOKOTA AB) - C-12Js -- VIP transportation in-country. Formerly 55th Airlift Flight (ALF). In November 2000 Osan AFB’s 55th Airlift Flight completed its first-ever deployment where the C-12J unit supported a joint U.S./U.N. humanitarian aid mission to strife-torn East Timor. Operating for 125 days from Royal Australian Air Force Base, Darwin, Australia, four members of the flight and two Raytheon maintenance contractors formed the 55th Expeditionary Airlift Flight. The 55th EALF ferried passengers and supplies for US Support Group East Timor (USGET) on the nearly daily four-hour round-trip flights between Darwin and the austere Komoro airfield at Dili, East Timor.

          In Jun 2007, it was reported that three C-12 pilots from the 55th Airlift Squadron from Osan will merge with the 459th Airlift Squadron of Yokota AB. He also noted the seamless transition of the new planes and pilots has kept the unit mission capable during the swap. “We received planes today (29 Jun) and already have a mission for them tonight,” he said. “We are mission-ready on day one.” Three C-12s, two from Osan and one from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, will replace the four C-21s of the 459th AS. Two already have been delivered to Yokota, while the third is being retrofitted and is scheduled to arrive in October. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)

          C-12J Huron The C-12J aircraft is the military version of the Raytheon Beech 1900C. Developed from the Super King Air business twin turboprop, the 19-seat Beech 1900C Airliner was first flown in September 1982 and entered service in early 1984. With its Pratt and Whitney PT6A-65B engines, it has a cruise speed of 268 knots with a certified ceiling of 25,000 feet and a range of 1,555 miles. Since its introduction in 1984, Raytheon Aircraft's Beech 1900C Airliner has been known as "the workhorse of the sky." The Beech 1900C consistently earns high marks for its large-airliner styling and passenger comfort. A later version of the Beech 99, the model 1900 is recognized as the favoured tier-3 aircraft. It is passenger friendly, highly reliable, and much appreciated by both maintenance and aircrews alike. A total of 250 1900Cs were delivered between 1984 and 1991 to regional airlines, special mission operators and corporations. Production then switched entirely to the current version, dubbed the 1900D, which has a taller cabin. Some commentators suggest that the Beech 1900C had some defects, and that to rectify these shortcomings while improving on the technical aspects, Raytheon went on to manufacture Beech 1900D, the most popular 19-seater aircraft in the world.


          C-12 Huron


        • Operations Support Squadron (OSS)
      • 51st Maintenance Group
        • Maintenance Operations Squadron (MOS)
        • Maintenance Squadron (MXS)
        • Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS)
        • Munitions Squadron (MUNS)
      • 51st Mission Support Group
        • Civil Engineer Squadron (CES)
        • Mission Support Squadron (MSS)
        • Logistics Readiness Squadron (LRS) -- The 51st Fighter Wing, headquartered at Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea, maintains and administers US operations at Osan and five collocated operating bases -- Taegu, Suwon, Kwang Ju, Kimhae and Cheong Ju – for reception and beddown of follow-on forces. The Wing's 51st Logistics Support Squadron plans, programs and initiates actions for the rapid reception and beddown of US forces deploying to the Republic of Korea during contingencies or wartime by maintaining five collocated operating bases and seven munitions storage sites.
        • Security Forces Squadron (SFS)
        • Services Squadron (SVS)
        • Communications Squadron (CS)
      • 51st Medical Group
        • Aeropspace Medical Squadron (AMDS)
        • Medical Support Squadron (MDSS)
        • Medical Operations Squadron (MDOS)
        • Dental Squadron (SGD)
      • Tenant Units
        • Headquarters Air Component Command (7AF-ROK)
        • Air Force Audit Agency
        • Det 1 33rd Rescue Squadron (Departed 2006 return to Kadena.)
        • US Army Contracting Command Korea
        • 3rd Battlefield Coordination Detachment (Tenant)
        • 731st Air Mobility Support Sq (Tenant) -- Aeroport squadron
        • 5th Reconnaissance Sq (Tenant) -- U-2 See 7th AF
        • 31st Special Operation Sq
        • 303rd Intelligence Squadron (Tenant) -- Skivvy Nine
        • 35th ADA Bde, C & D Battery (Tenant) -- See 8th US Army
        • 1st BN, 43rd Air Defense Artillery (Tenant) -- See 8th US Army



    • 8th Fighter Wing -- (WP, "Wolfpack") (Kunsan AB) Kunsan AB is home to the 8th Fighter Wing, which is made up of two F-16 fighter squadrons, the 35th Fighter Squadron and the 80th Fighter Squadron. The 8th Fighter Wing "Wolf Pack", comprised of the 35th Fighter Squadron "Pantons" and the 80th Fighter Squadron "Juvats", performs both air-to-ground and air-to-air missions in support of numerous taskings throughout the Pacific. During peacetime, the 8th fighter Wing reports to 7th Air Force, headquartered at Osan Air Base, ROK. Seventh Air Force reports to headquarters, Pacific Air Forces at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. In contingency operations, the 8th Figher Wing becomes part of the Air Component Command, located at Osan, and report to U.S. Forces Korea Command, and the United Nations Command, located in Seoul. (See Kunsan AB Homepage.) (See Wikipedia: 8th FW for unit patches.) (See kalaniosullivan.com: Kunsan AB for history of 8th FW and Kunsan AB from its beginnings to present. Updates on wing stopped in 2004.) According to the Air Force Times, Kunsan is replacing older Block 30 F-16s with newer Block 40 F-16s from Eielson, Alaska. ``The aircraft are being swapped to bring Kunsan's fleet up-to-date with the latest F-16 upgrades,'' Capt. Tiffany Payette, spokeswoman for the 8th Wing, was quoted as saying. The first group of Block 40 aircraft arrived in October, she said, and the swap will be completed early next year. (NOTE: The F-22s are moving to Alaska.)


      7th AF Commander Lt. Gen. Wood and 8th FW Commander Col Brown meet Kunsan Mayor Moon Dong-shin -- on the day Col Brown took command of 8th FW (25 May 2007) (USAF Photo) (See Gunsan City site.)


      Kunsan City civic relations is important from the standpoint that Chikdo Range -- about 70km off the coast of Kunsan -- is controlled by the Kunsan City government. The use of the range -- and the conditions of usage -- are in negotiations with the city. Kunsan City approved the use of Chikdo, but some of the conditions were very restrictive. In the past, civic activists have sought to block the USAF usage of the range completely.

      Kunsan Air Base to expand by 315 acres on land deeded to it during the Korean War -- but later unused. The land was used by residents for farming, but now flagged as "no farming allowed." A fence is being erected around the area. Procurement of lands required. Area supposedly to house the 3rd Battalion, 2d Aviation Regiment (GSAB) which flies the CH-47 presently from Camp Humphreys. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)

      On Kunsan AB, the ROKAF 38th Fighter Group started its transition from F-5Es to KF-16s in Nov 2006. In Jun 2007, the ROKAF 111th FS joined the USAF 35th FS in joint air exercises with F-5s and F-16s to defend the base. In the past, there was very little interface in exercises between the USAF and ROKAF, except during Foal Eagle. Expect more joint exercises as the 38th FG transitions to KF-16s.
      • 8th Operations Group
      • 8th Maintenance Group
        • Maintenance Operations Squadron (MOS)
        • Maintenance Squadron (MXS)
        • Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (AMXS)
        • Munitions Squadron (MUNS)
      • 8th Mission Support Group
        • Civil Engineer Squadron (CES)
        • Mission Support Squadron (MSS)
        • Logistics Readiness Squadron (LRS)
        • Security Forces Squadron (SFS)
        • Services Squadron (SVS)
        • Communications Squadron (CS)
      • 8th Medical Group
        • Aeropspace Medical Squadron (AMDS)
        • Medical Support Squadron (MDSS)
        • Medical Operations Squadron (MDOS)
        • Dental Squadron (SGD)
      • Tenant Units




      Of course, in the case of a war in Korea, the USAF would almost certainly make immediate use of Japan-based units of the USFJ, including the E-3 Sentry AWACS (airborne surveillance; command, control and communications aircraft), Unmanned aerial vehicles, C-130 Hercules and C-17 Globemaster transports, KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-10 Extender tankers, and HH-60 Pave Low helicopters for combat search and rescue. It would call upon assets at Japan bases:

      • 5th Air Force, Yokota AB, Japan
      • 18th W (ZZ), Kadena AB
        • - 12th FS (yellow, "Dirty Dozen") F-15C/D
        • - 33rd RQS HH-60G
        • - 44th FS (blue, "Vampires") F-15C/D
        • - 67th FS (red, "Fighting Cocks") F-15C/D
        • - 909th ARS (white) KC-135R
        • - 961st AACS (orange) E-3C Block 30


      • 35th FW (WW), Misawa AB
        • - 13th FS (red, "Panthers") F-16C/D Block 50
        • - 14th FS (yellow, "Samurai") F-16C/D Block 50


      • 374th AW (YJ), Yokota AB
        • - 30th AS C-9A
        • - 36th AS (red, "Eagle Airlifters") C-130E/H
        • - 459th AS ("Orient Express") C-21A, UH-1N


      • 7th Fleet Carrier-based assets
        • F/A-18 Hornet strike-fighters
        • E-2C Hawkeye early warning and command and control aircraft
        • EA-6B Prowler tactical jamming aircraft MARINE CORPS
        • F/A-18 Hornet strike-fighters
        • EA-6B Prowler tactical jamming aircraft
  • U.S. ARMY -- The Army units were reorganized under the new Unit of Employment (UE) and Units of Action (UA) concept for a smaller, more mobile -- but self-contained fighting force. In addition, the USFK started to change its missions to fit the definition of how the US would become a "supporter" of the ROK military in case of an attack by the North -- versus a "patron" providing the bulk of the defense for the ROK.

    The Army elements are transforming itself into the new Units of Action (UA). The purpose of the units of action is to enhance unit cohesion and enable brigades to deploy quicker. There's been a fundamental change in fighting. Instead of taking part in division or multi-corps sized battles, the Army is fighting smaller battles, and therefore sending smaller combat packages. As part of modularity, the Brigade Combat Team (BCT) now has organic assets normally found at the division level, such as public affairs, civil military operations and military intelligence. The modular restructuring of the Army will help combatant commanders rapidly identify units for deployment on short notice; allow units to sustain operations with minimal or no augmentation; enhance a unit’s ability to deploy; and provide greater troop readiness.

    The new modular forces will be capable of operating across the entire range of military operations. As part of Army transformation, capabilities previously found within the divisions and corps will be shifted to the BCT (UA). These new brigades are the first conversions in army transformation and are designed to deploy/employ as independent units in support of the joint force.

    Maneuver Brigades/Units of Action

    The decisive effort of Army transformation is the creation of modular, combined arms maneuver brigade combat team (units of action), or BCT(UA), of which there are three types: Heavy (armored/mechanized), Stryker and Infantry. As part of this transformation, the Army migrates capabilities that were previously found at divisions and corps to the BCT(UA) — the building block of combat forces in the Future Force. Each type of UA will be of standard configuration. These UAs will gain improved force packaging, sustainability, battle command and situational awareness while retaining the same lethality as the larger, task-organized brigade combat teams. These units will serve as the foundation for a land force that is balanced and postured for rapid deployment and sustained operations worldwide. Army general-purpose modular formations will be capable of rapidly foreclosing an adversary's options, achieving decisive results in major combat operations, and setting many of the security conditions for enduring conflict resolution.

    Over the next six years (till 2010), the Army will convert existing AC and RC brigade combat teams to one of three standardized modular UA designs. The Army will also build up to 15 additional AC BCT(UA)s over the next four years. The brigade conversions will occur in conjunction with the conversion of division headquarters to the unit of employment X or UEx configuration. The National Guard will convert at a pace similar to the AC using common organizational designs.The three UA designs, Infantry, Heavy and Stryker, are similar in overall configuration. Infantry and Heavy will be organized with two maneuver battalions, while the Stryker will have three. Infantry and Heavy will have an armed reconnaissance or reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition, or RSTA, squadron; a fires battalion; a support battalion; and a brigade troops battalion. Stryker will not have a brigade troops battalion but will contain an engineer company.
    • The brigade troops battalion provides the command posts, liaisons, military intelligence and signal support for the UA.
    • The RSTA squadron conducts reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition functions for the UA. It consists of conventional and chemical reconnaissance units.
    • The two combined arms battalions are the maneuver forces for the Infantry and Heavy UA and consist of four infantry or armor companies. They also possess scouts, engineers and sustainment forces.
    • The fires battalion consists of two artillery batteries with target acquisition and countermortar radar systems.
    • The support battalion provides additional transportation, distribution and maintenance functions that cannot be covered by the forward support companies. It also directly supports the brigade troops battalion.

    The Army conversion plan called for the 2d ID headquarters to convert to a UEx configuration by fiscal year 2007 (FY2007). In addition, the plan called for the 2d Infantry Division to convert two brigades to BCT (UA) by FY07. The first brigade was the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, the first Stryker BCT combat certified. In Korea, the 2d ID converted to the 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team (BCT), 2nd Infantry Division. The RSTA squadron is the 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry. The RSTA squadron has no UAVs assigned like the Stryker Brigade, but the Predators were field tested on the DMZ in 2003. The two combined arms battalions are Task Force, 1st BN, 72nd Armor Rgt ("Crusaders") and 2nd BN, 9th Infantry Rgt (MECH) ("Manchus"). The fires battalion is the 1st BN, 15th Field Artillery ("First to Fire"). The support battalion is the 302nd Forward Support BN. The special troops battalion is the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion.

    Between now and 2010, two standing echelons will replace the existing structure of divisions, corps and echelons above corps. These echelons are currently designated UEx, which normally has tactical and operational control of units of action, and UEy, which normally provides the Army's functional capabilities to the joint force commander. While the natural tendency is to think of these echelons as linear improvements to the division and corps, the UEx and UEy are not. Both higher echelons will be modular entities designed to employ a tailored mix of forces and will integrate joint functions by design. Both headquarters will also be able to work directly for the joint force commander.

    The Unit of Employment X

    The unit of employment X (UEx) is the Army's primary tactical and operational war-fighting headquarters. It is designed as a modular, command and control headquarters for full-spectrum operations. The UEx has no organic subordinate units other than the actual headquarters units. These headquarters will employ separable, deployable command posts for rapid response and entry; provide reach and reachback capabilities to minimize forward footprints; and be network-enabled organizations capable of enhanced battle command. The UEx headquarters has organic liaison teams. It does not depend on any subordinate brigade to provide elements of the special staff, and it has a security company that can provide security platoons to its mobile elements.

    The Unit of Employment Y

    A concept is under development for an Army theater-level headquarters to support regional combatant commanders. This concept calls for the consolidation of functions currently performed by corps and Army service component commands into a UEy organization. The UEy would focus on the Army's component responsibilities for the entire theater's joint, interagency and multinational operational land forces. During major combat operations, where the regional combatant commander is the joint force commander, the UEy would normally become the JFLCC and exercise operational control over tactical land forces. The specific organization of each UEy would be based upon the requirements of the joint force commander and the conditions in the theater. The UEy would normally include sustainment, protection and battlespace awareness elements. This would enable Army forces to be more responsive to the needs of combatant commanders.

    Support Brigades

    Each support brigade shares a set of common characteristics. The support brigade will be tailorable based on METT-TC. Even those with most or all of their subordinate units organic, such as aviation brigades, will be able to be tailored for specific missions. Second, the brigades themselves will have to be modular so that they can plug into or out of any headquarters easily and effectively. Each will have the network connectivity and a liaison officer to work not only for UE headquarters, both UEx and UEy, but also for another service, another functional headquarters or a multinational headquarters. These units will be inherently joint in that they will be able to access and use appropriate joint enablers to accomplish their functions, and they will be able to, in turn, contribute to the joint capability. For example, the RSTA brigade will access and use joint intelligence to help it cue its own assets. It will feed the information it develops about the enemy into the joint force commander's intelligence picture. Finally, the support brigades will have capabilities that can be used by the UEx commander to task organize other UAs assigned to the UEx. For example, the fires UA will have artillery that can reinforce artillery within a BCT, or be given a direct support mission to the aviation brigade for deep attack missions. Similarly, the mission enhancement brigade will be able to reinforce or provide basic capabilities for air defense for a fires brigade, provide additional engineer capabilities to any other UA, or provide nuclear, biological and chemical decontamination to other UAs.

    In conjunction with developing modular maneuver units of action, the Army is also developing distribution support capabilities aligned by specific functions. Conceptually, these support brigades are currently aligned with UEx headquarters. They are self-contained organizations that are capable of deploying and operating independently.

    The aviation brigade will be fully capable of planning, preparing for, executing and assessing mobile strike operations and deep attacks using attack helicopters. It will retain a fully capable fire support element that possesses suppression of enemy air defense, maintains the intelligence links to track targets, and includes the Army aviation battle command element to coordinate airspace control measures as necessary — all linked to the appropriate joint systems.

    The fires brigade will provide the UEx commander with precision strike capabilities that can control both Army and joint fires throughout the depth of the UEx area of operations. It has organic target acquisition capabilities and will be tied closely to reconnaissance and surveillance assets. It is capable of executing both lethal and nonlethal effects for the commander and will be able to direct armed UAVs. Figure 3-10 shows the fires brigade organization.

    As its primary mission, the reconnaissance surveillance target acquisition brigade will synchronize all of the dedicated collection assets available to the UEx. It will link to joint intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. This brigade will complement the situational awareness developed by the maneuver brigades and lead the fight for information within its area of operation. .

    The maneuver enhancement (ME) brigade will synchronize protection, mobility and unique effects capabilities across the entire AO. It is to be the joint rear coordinator when the JFC designates the Army to carry out this function. It will have a staff capable of planning air defense, NBC defense, military police actions and construction engineer tasks. The ME brigade organization is shown in Figure 3-12.

    The sustainment brigade will provide logistics support for the UEx and its subordinate units throughout the AO. The sustainment brigade will link theater-level supply and service activities with the maneuver brigades' organic sustainment organizations, as shown in Figure 3-13. Over the near term, the Army is developing a comprehensive sustainment concept for the new modular force design.

    When completed, Army modular organizations will be menu items — brigade-sized formations that accomplish the major functions required for the full range of military operations from which the joint force commander may choose to meet his needs. The mission requirements determine the mix of forces without the constraints of fixed, large, standing organizations such as divisions or corps.

    In Korea, the aviation brigade is the 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade (MFAB). The fires brigade is the 210th Fires Brigade. There is no RSTA brigade but the intelligence function is handled by the 501st Military Intelligence Brigade, while the 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry (RSTA Squadron) would fulfill the armed recon role. The 2d ID is military satellite communications (milsatcom) based. There is no maneuver enhancement brigade. The sustainment brigade is the 501st Sustainment Brigade.

    Transforming Army Aviation

    Army aviation is transforming to a capabilities-based maneuver arm with a shortened logistics tail and is optimized for the joint fight. The Army's aviation fleet is undergoing a total overhaul, and the main priority is increasing survivability to protect the aircraft and the Soldiers they carry. Aviation transformation standardizes formations to build a sustainable modular capability. Each unit will have a common sustainability package that will allow rapid transition to task force alignments that best meet the mission commander's requirements. Commonality or standardized organization is a theme that runs from the company to the aviation UA design. The 2d ID converted to the 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade (MFAB) in June 2006 -- meeting the UA plan requirements for conversion by FY07. (Source: 2004 Army Transformation Roadmap.)


    • 8th United States Army, HQ: Seoul, Republic of Korea -- The largest element in Korea today is the 8th U.S. Army (EUSA), the core force of the United Nations Command during the Korean War. It has been in Korea since 1950. Major subordinate commands are the 2nd Infantry Division and the 19th Theater Army Area Command. The Headquarters of the Eighth Army is located at Yongsan Garrison but it is scheduled to move south to Camp Humphreys by 2012. The transfer of the wartime control to the ROK by 2012 moves the USFK into a "support" after consolidation at Camp Humphreys in Pyeongtaek. Beginning in 2004, Washington began downsizing its troop numbers from 37,500 to a planned 25,000 in 2008. The 8th U.S. Army has been proposed for deactivation after the Yongsan Garrison in Seoul is shut down and its elements moved to Camp Humphreys.

      Competing with the scheduled move to Camp Humphreys is a possible redeployment of US ground forces from South Korea back to the United States. In September 2006, Gen. Burwell Bell hinted that the 8th U.S. Army headquarters would face a significant change in the near future in line with the ongoing transformation within the U.S. military. Stressing that the unit currently played the limited role of accepting U.S. reinforcement troops coming from the United States, Gen Bell showed the Army's intention to restructure the roles and organization of the 8th Army. Tentative plans include the redeployment of Eighth Army to Hawaii where it will merge with US Army Pacific. US Army Pacific and Eighth Army will then serve as the Army component command of US Pacific Command (PACOM). This is akin to the Army merged command structure (i.e. US Army Europe and Seventh Army) that supports US European Command (EUCOM). (Source: Wikipedia.) (NOTE: In the past, there have been denials of this, but US Army Pacific has expanded at Fort Shafter, HI and I Corps has started to move some of its elements into Camp Zama, Japan. According to the Army Transformation Roadmap of 2004, I Corps should transition to its UEx model by 2010.)

      Though the agreed to date for the move was 2008, it has been now moved to 2012. Since 2004, the reductions in forces have been taking place in Korea as the Army transitions to a new force struction. As of 2007, both parties have "agreed to disagree" with the ROK saying they "understand" the US position, but will not concur with having any US forces on Korean soil being used in a regional defense role. There have been also movements of aviation units off the DMZ to Camp Humphreys -- and the establishment of the 8th MFAB that is functionally under the EUSA, but subordinate to the 2d ID. The USFK has continued to press forward with the closures of camps under the Land Partnership Program (LPP), but the ROK has continued to protest the pollution cleanup -- though the SOFA states the camps will be returned "as is." There also has been a shift in emphasis to the Taegu "hub" as the USFK moves into a support role -- as the majority of the "follow-on" equipment is stored at Camp Carroll.
      • G-1/Adjutant General (G-1/AG) --: Provides personnel policy and guidance for all Eighth United States Army military and civilian activities to include: serving as the Army’s proponent for Family Support, Health and Equal Opportunity Programs; serving as Eighth Army’s appropriated funds and budgeting execution system proponent for community and morale support activities, personnel support, administration and education programs; serves as the Army Staff principal for Army personnel. (Source: 8th Army.) 8th Personnel Command ended 25 years of distinguished unit service to the 8th U.S. Army when they officially cased 8th PERSCOM’s colors in an Inactivation Ceremony on 15 June 2005. 8th PERSCOM’s inactivation and subsequent merger with the 8th U.S. Army G-1 had no impact on the personnel support provided to Soldiers. The merger of G-1 and AG personnel coincided with several new personnel service support initiatives that capitalize on the latest information technology. The 8th PERSCOM consisted of a directorate staff, two personnel services battalions and a headquarters company, for a total of about 700 Soldiers. The directorate staff merged with 8th U.S. Army G-1 to form a consolidated G-1/AG. This merger aligned with emerging Army Doctrine and was part of an incremental process that paved the way for the transformation of all PERSCOM units. The Adjutant General Corps postal and personnel services units have provided support for Soldiers, civilians, and family members stationed in South Korea since the conclusion of the Korean War in 1953. (Source: 8th Personnel Command.)

      • United Nations Honor Guard -- (Yongsan)
      • 1st Replacement Company-- (Yongsan) Responsible for controlling and processing all incoming soldiers entering Korea. Formerly under 8th Perscom. (See Welcome to 8th Army G1.) Camp Mobile is located in the city of Tongduchon which is located approximately 40 miles north of Seoul and boasts a population of 70,000. The installation houses soldiers of the Warrior Replacement Company. Their primary mission is to welcome soldiers to the 2nd Infantry Division and Area I. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Mobile.) Camp Mobile slated for return to ROK under LPP in 2008. The Warrior Replacement Center at Camp Stanley replaced Camp Mobile facilities in 2007.

        In Aug 2007, it was announced that unaccompanied soldiers ranked staff sergeant and below who are assigned to units in the areas of camps Humphreys and Walker and Yongsan Garrison will stay in a newly renovated barracks on Yongsan, next to the Three Kingdoms dining facility. This is an interim solution. The in-processing changes at Yongsan are the beginning of are part of similar programs in areas III and IV whereby soldiers will eventually be able to in-process in their own areas. Soldiers assigned to units in the Camp Red Cloud area will move on to the Warrior Replacement Center at Camp Stanley. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)




    • U.S. Army Garrison - Red Cloud (Area I Support Activity) (Camp Red Cloud) Area I Support Group falls under the 19th Theater Area Army Command and Eighth United States Army located in the Republic of Korea. The Soldiers and Civilians of Area I provide Direct Support to residents and tenant commands within Area I including the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division, located north of Seoul. Support activities include installation maintenance, roads, grounds, housing, utilities, clubs, gyms, libraries, and recreation centers. Area I consist of 42 installations North of Seoul which includes Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, Camp Nimble, Camp Castle, Shinbuk Relay, Yongpyong, Kamak-san ASA, Camp Mobile (H-220 Heliport) (return in 2008), Camp Essayons (closed), Camp Page (closed), Camp Red Cloud, Camp Stanley, Camp Falling Water (closed), Concord, Camp Kyle (closed), Camp La Guardia (closed), Hwaak-san, Kwangsa-ri, Camp Jackson, Camp Sears (closed), Camp Edwards (closed), Bull's Eye #1, 2, Camp Howze (closed), Camp Pelham (closed), Camp Giant (closed), Camp Bonifas (closed), Camp Stanton (closed), Camp Greaves (closed), Charlie Block, Freedom Bridge (returned), Liberty Bell (returned), Papyongsan, DMZ (Radar Site #3), Joint Security Area (returned) and Swiss/Swede compounds (returned). Area 1 Support Activity assumed command of Camp Red Cloud in Aug 2006. (Source: IMA-K: Area 1.)


      As of Apr 2007, all the camps and sites in the Western Corridor were closed.
      • Camp Essayons: CLOSED (See Stars and Stripes, Camp Essayons Closure) 102d Mil Intel inactivated in 2005.
      • Camp Page: CLOSED. 1-2 AVN transferred to Camp Eagle in 2005.
      • Camp Falling Water: CLOSED. AFN transferred to Camp Red Cloud in 2005.
      • Camp Kyle: CLOSED. 61st Maintenance Co., 227th Maint. Bn.inactivated and 473rd Quartermaster Company reassigned to Hunter Airfield, GA.
      • Camp La Guardia: CLOSED. 50th Engineer Company (Assault Float Brigade) dispersed to other 2ID units when 2d Eng BN stood down in 2005. 2ID Band relocated to Camp Red Cloud.
      • Camp Sears: CLOSED. E Company, 702nd Main Support Bn relocated to Camp Castle with redesignation of 702d Brigade Support BN. Headquarters Battery, 5th BN, 5th Air Defense Artillery reassigned to CONUS.
      • Camp Edwards: CLOSED. 82nd Engineer Company dispersed to 2ID units when 2d Eng BN stood down in 2005.
      • Camp Howze: CLOSED. Engineer Brigade HQ and 44th Engineer Battalion dispersed to 2ID units when 2d Eng BN stood down in 2005.
      • Camp Pelham/Gary Owens: CLOSED. 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry relocated to Camp Hovey.
      • Camp Giant: CLOSED. A Co, 1st BN, 506th Infantry Rgt (Air Assault) deployed to Iraq and removed from USFK in Aug 2004.
      • Camp Bonifas: RETURNED. United Nations Command Security Force--Joint Security Area with small USFK presence.
      • Camp Stanton (H-112): CLOSED. 4-7 Cavalry Squadron (Air) relocated to Camp Hovey.
        Camp Greaves: CLOSED. 1st BN, 506th Infantry Rgt (Air Assault) deployed to Iraq and removed from USFK in Aug 2004.
      • Freedom Bridge: RETURNED TO ROK. On June 15, 1998, the four-lane Tongil "Grand Unification Bridge" opened, replacing the 'one-way' traffic span Freedom Bridge that represented the only link from Panmunjom to the south for so many years.
      • Liberty Bell (East Bonifas): RETURNED TO ROK. United Nations Command Security Force--Joint Security Area with small USFK presence.
      • Joint Security Area: RETURNED TO ROK. United Nations Command Security Force--Joint Security Area with small USFK presence.
      • Swiss/Swede compounds: RETURNED TO ROK.


      As of Apr 2007, the following small camps/sites' status are unknown but assumed closed. There were 42 sites along the DMZ that were authorized "hardship pay." These sites with 10-20 soldiers, including KATUSAs, were isolated without amenities. The USFK closed all of these operations on the DMZ in 2005 and returned control fully to the ROK.

      The Area I Support Activity was activated June 12, 1995 to manage US Army installations north of Seoul. In 2002, the Army created the Installation Management Agency. Area I became one of four such units in the Korea Region Office. Area I is unique because of its wide geographic area and large troop population. Before the closure and turnover of installations in the Western Corridor and the turnover of Camp Page in Chuncheon, Area I oversaw 42 sites and conducted good neighbor programs with four large cities.

      Today the operating landscape has changed dramatically. Units have moved to two garrison enclaves, near the city of Dongducheon in the north and Uijeongbu in the south. Under the Land Partnership Plan, more US Army installations in Area I face turnover to our Republic of Korea allies. Area I Support Activity works closely with the US 8th Army and tenant units to coordinate, plan and execute these operations. Warrior Country Soldiers and civilians serve in a vastly different region than they did just one year ago. For the first time, US Army units in Korea redeployed from the peninsula to a combat zone since the Vietnam War. Camp Casey officials hosted a celebration to farewell 2nd Brigade Combat Team troopers before their departure for Iraq. American forces left vacant Camps Greaves, Gary Owen, Giant, Stanton, Howze and Edwards. Camp Bonifase in is the hands of the Republic of Korea, with only a small US presence. Today, all is quiet in the Western Corridor. At the same time, construction and renovations at camps in Donducheon and Uijeongbu reached a peak in 2004. Camp Hovey Soldiers saw the completion of a $2.3 million project to build an operations center and living quarters. The Camp Stanley community welcomed a new post exchange and opened many new barracks. (Source: Morning Calm7 Jan 2005)

      As of April 2007, the following are the camps under Area I:
      • Camp Casey (Dongducheon): Located in Dongducheon (also Tongduchon), South Korea, Camp Casey (named in 1952 after Engineer Officer, Major Hugh Boyd Casey) is one of several U.S. Army bases in South Korea near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Camp Casey, Camp Castle, and neighboring Camp Hovey hold the main armor, engineer, and mechanized infantry elements of the 2nd Infantry Division (United States) in South Korea. U.S. Army soldiers newly arriving in South Korea are often referred to as "Turtles". The reason for the name is the nature of the one year tour that many service men and women serve in Korea. It takes them one year from the day they arrive to move the distance of 3 meters from the inprocessing building to the outprocessing building (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Casey and Area 1: Camp Casey.)

        The camp was named in 1952 after Major Hugh Casey who was an engineer officer that was awared the Distinguished Service Cross for combat actions during the evacuation of Hungnam, North Korea. Casey would later die in December 1951 when the light observer plane he was flying in was shot down by ground fire and crashed on a small hill in the middle of present day Camp Casey. This hill to this day is marked by a large white cross that can be seen from just about anywhere on Camp Casey. Camp Casey is a large sprawling base located farther north than any other major US military camp in Korea. The camp is only 15 miles straight line distance from the DMZ that separates the two Koreas. Camp Casey is so close to the DMZ you would think it would be quite a spartan installation. That is not the case, as the camp has every facility any other US Army installation has: It has numerous eating establishments both fast food and sit down restaurants. There are two different Burger King locations, a Popeyes Chicken, Dunkin Donuts, Anthony's Pizza, and a Taco Bell. The Primo's restaurant has a really good lunch buffet that is worth checking out as well. The largest PX in 2ID can be found here to buy all the latest products and a decent commissary that includes most the foods you would find in the states. The camp also has a nice bookstore and sports shop. The PX also has a number of Korean stores where you can buy typical Korean products, but they are quite expensive compared to buying the same items off post. Camp Casey is filled with athletic facilities. There are gyms and weight rooms are spread out all over the camp plus numerous football and softball fields are available as well. Throughout the year there are numerous athletics leagues running that encompasses every major sport played in the US. The competition in these leagues is usually very competitive because most soldiers are in Korea away from their families for a year and thus focus much on sports to keep them busy. The camp also has plenty of entertainment options. There are multiple bars on the camp and a dance club located in Primo's. Near the PX there is also a nice bowling alley for the bowlers out there. The golf course is quite popular and usually filled unsurprisingly with Korean golfers. Some of the major units on Camp Casey include Taskforce 1-72 Armor, 2-9 Infantry, 302nd Brigade Support Battalion, 1-38 Field Artillery, & 6-37 Field Artillery. An unusual fact about Camp Casey is that it actually contains its own Korean village called Golsandong. (Source: Rok Drop.)

      • Camp Castle (Dongducheon): Just north of Camp Casey is the small installation of Camp Castle. Camp Castle for decades was home to the engineers units thus the reason for the name of Camp Castle. The engineers moved off the camp in 2004 and has been occupied by the 702nd Brigade Support Battalion since. Something unusual about this camp is that the motorpool is located on the opposite side of Highway 3 from the rest of the camp. The motorpool is accessed by a pedestrian overpass. Camp Castle is further divided with a small warehouse located just north of Camp Castle’s main post which is known as Camp Castle North: The warehouse on Camp Castle North is used by the division to turn in old equipment to the support battalion unit that operates the warehouse. This is another place I have spent way to much time at before. (Source: Rok Drop.) (SEE Wikipedia: Camp Castle and Area 1: Camp Castle.)

      • Camp Hovey (Dongducheon): Camp Hovey is a United States Army military base in South Korea. It is adjacent to the larger Camp Casey, connected by a road known as "Hovey Cut". It is part of the area containing many instalitations know as the "Casey Enclave". On the opposite side of the post from Camp Casey is the Korean town of Toko-Ri. Camp Hovey is home to 4/7 Cavalry, 1/15 Field Artillery, and the Iron Brigade's Brigade Special Troops Battalion, among others. It was also home to the recently disbanded Dragon Force, also known as Task Force 2/72 (a combined arms battalion comprised of parts of 2/72 Armor and 1/9 Infantry). Additionally, it was the home of Task Force 1/9 (another combined arms battalion comprised of the other parts of 2/72 Armor and 1/9 Infantry) before they were deployed to Iraq, to return to Fort Carson, Colorado this year. Camp Hovey, though one of the larger military posts in northern South Korea, has frequently been relegated to an afterthought in the 2nd Infantry Division. Many of the buildings are abandoned, it lacks certain facilities, forcing soldiers to travel to the adjacent Camp Casey, and has a single bus route that does not travel near many of the buildings on post. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hovey" (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Hovey and Area 1: Camp Hovey.)

        Located adjacent to Camp Casey is the medium sized installation of Camp Hovey. The camp is named after Master Sergeant Howard Hovey who ended up being one of the last Americans to die during the Korean War during the battle of Pork Chop Hill in July 1953. For his heroic actions defending the hill from the massive Chinese offensive he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Camp Hovey has plenty of facilities to include a restaurant and club, a video store, gymnasium, and sports field. One minus about Camp Hovey is the distance from the PX and commissary on Camp Casey. It is about a 20 minute bus ride from Hovey to reach the PX. The front gate of the camp is bordered by the sleazy and run down ville of Toko-ri. (Source: Rok Drop.)

      • Camp Mobile (Dongducheon): (H-220) Return under LPP in 2008. (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Mobile.)

        Located right across Highway 3 from Camp Casey is small installation Camp Mobile. Camp Mobile was known for decades by 2ID soldiers as the "Turtle Farm" because it was the location of the 2ID Replacement Company. The new soldiers that arrived at Camp Mobile were known as "turtles" because they had so long to go before their tour in Korea would be complete. Since the Replacement Company was on the camp the Central Issue Facility (CIF) was established on Camp Mobile to field gear to all the new soldiers. Fortunately the Replacement Company was moved to the much more hospitable Camp Stanley in Uijongbu. The company is now known as the Warrior Readiness Company. Camp Mobile also has an air strip on it that is used for helicopter landings as well as UAV operations. (Source: Rok Drop.)

      • Camp Nimble (Dongducheon): CLOSED. Just down the road from both Camp Casey and Camp Mobile is the now vacated Camp Nimble: Camp Nimble before closing, was home to two companies from the 702nd MSB. These two companies contained the military semi-trucks used to transport cargo and equipment for the division. This may be why it was named Camp Nimble. I’m sure the camp had its good points, but to me Camp Nimble never seemed like a good place to be stationed and the roads leading from the camp were quite narrow and definitely a traffic hazard for military vehicles trying to drive through there. Fortunately this camp has finally been closed down. (Source: Rok Drop.)

      • Camp Kwangsari (Between Dongducheon and Uijongbu): STATUS UNKNOWN (DMZ): 17th Ordnance Co. Storage (See Camp Kwangsari.)

        Located halfway between Dongducheon and Uijongbu. The camp serves as a ammunition storage facility for the 2ID and is only staffed with a handful ordinance soldiers, a few American civilian workers, many Korean workers, and a ROK Army unit. The biggest story to ever come out of this camp was when a corruption scandal was uncovered on the camp in 2005 involving a Korean worker named Mr. Kim who was stealing expended ammunition brass from the camp to resell to a private company. Mr. Kim made $300,000 from the scam and is still at large to this day. (Source: Rok Drop.) (See Stars and Stripes, Stolen Scrap.)

      • Camp Red Cloud (Uijongbu): Camp Red Cloud (commonl referred to as CRC) is a United States Army camp located in the city of Uijeongbu, between Seoul and the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The installation was named after Medal of Honor recipient Corporal (CPL) Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr. on Armed Forces Day, May 18, 1957. Camp Red Cloud covers over 164 acres of land in the northwestern edge of the city of Uijeongbu and serves as the Headquarters of 2nd Infantry Division (United States). (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Red Cloud and Area 1: Camp Red Cloud.)

      • Camp Stanley (Uijongbu): Camp Stanley is a U.S. Army camp located just outside the city of Uijeongbu, South Korea. Currently, it is the home of the 304th Signal Battalion, the 61st Maint Co, 498th CSB, 501st CSG; 46th Trans, 498th, 501st CSG; Warrior Replacement Company; and assorted supporting units. Prior to the draw-down of American forces in South Korea due the Global War on Terror, Camp Stanley was the home of the most lethal ground force on the Korean peninsula, 6th Battalion 37th Field Artillery (MLRS)+, which consisted of (1) headquarters battery, (3) fire batteries within the 37th Field Artillery regiment, and (1) battery of the 38th FA Regiment (A-38). That this was an augmented battalion of Multiple Launch Rocket System artillery systems means it has 18 more M270s than a traditional MLRS battalion. The government of Kyongg plans to renovate Camp Stanley into a fitness center after 2008. (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Stanley and Area 1: Camp Stanley.)

      • Camp Jackson (Uijongbu): (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Jackson.)


    • U.S. Army Garrison-Yongsan (Area II Support Activity) -- (Yongsan Garrison, Seoul) One of four support groups under the Installation Management Agency -- Korea (IMA-K). Provides support to United Nations Command, Headquarters, United States Forces Korea, HQ, EUSA and ten Major Subordinate Command Headquarters at Yongsan. In addition, BASEOPS support is provided to 131 tenant units in Area II. Installations include Camp Coiner, Camp Kim, Hannam Village, Camp Market, K-16 Airfield, Religious Retreat Center, and Sungnum Golf Course. Home of Combined Field Command (CFC) and other Eighth Army units. 18th Medical Command and Medical Department Activity (formerly 121st Combat Support Hospital (CSH)).) SEE 34th Support Group (DEACTIVATED 16 JUNE 2006).

      The Area II Support Activity, part of the Installation Management Command-Korea Region headquartered at Yongsan Garrison in Seoul, Republic of Korea, was activated Oct. 7, 2004. It is part of the US Army's Installation Management Agency established in October 2002, now called Installation Management Command, to standardize Army installation, services and support worldwide in accordance with the ongoing Army transformation. Its mission: to ensure mission readiness and execution of tenant units by improving infrastructure and assuring the wellbeing of Soldiers, civilians and family members. When the Area II Support Activity was first established, the Area II Commander also commanded the 34th Support Group, which had a long history of theater and base operations support dating to the mid-60s in Vietnam. The 34th Support Group was inactivated in September 2004. (Source: IMA-K: Area 2.)


      As of April 2007, the following are the camps under Area II:
      • Yongsan Garrison: Yongsan Garrison, a facility which includes Camp Coiner, is a U.S. military base located in Seoul, South Korea. It contains the headquarters for the U.S. military presence in Korea, known as United States Forces Korea or USFK. The site had previously been the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1910-1945. The garrison comprises 2.5 km². (630 acres) in the heart of Korea's capital city, with a golf driving range, four-star hotel and 440,000 square m (4.7 million square ft) of floor space in hundreds of buildings. The garrison is made up of two main parts, Main Post (North Post) and South Post, which are physically divided by a four-lane boulevard that links two Seoul districts together. In January 2004 a major bridge was constructed over this boulevard to solve traffic congestion problems. The South Korean government and U.S. Army official have agreed to relocate Yongsan Garrison 55 miles south, to Camp Humphreys near the metropolitan city of Pyeongtaek beginning in 2008 -- but later extended to 2012. South Korea had traditionally regarded this garrison as insurance against the U.S. Army abandoning Seoul, which is only about 65 km from the DMZ. As a result of this relocation and the planned withdrawal of U.S. troops near the DMZ, all American troops will be pulled back from north of the Han River. (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE Area II: Yongsan Garrison and GlobalSecurity.org: Yongsan Garrison.) Original return under MOU in 1990s. Return by new MOU in 2008. Return date shifted to 2012.

      • Camp Coiner: Camp Coiner, covering approximately 50 acres on Yongsan Garrison's northern edge, is named after 2nd Lt. Randall Coiner, a Korean War Silver Star recipient. Since the Korean War it has served as Korea's primary inprocessing facility for Army troops. Camp Coiner has been a self-sufficient compound with its own network of barracks, shopping, and entertainment, though in recent decades it has become more integrated with Yongsan Garrison. The Embassy of the United States in Seoul may build a new Chancery on part of the land planned to be vacated by the U.S. Army, most probably Camp Coiner. Most of the U.S. Embassy officials live in an Embassy housing compound located in an area almost completely enveloped by the Yongsan Garrison, and with direct access to the Garrison. (Source: Wikipedia.) (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Coiner.) NOT listed on IMA-K site. The major contracting location in Seoul is Yongsan Garrison. Major contracting offices in Seoul at Yongsan and the Far East District compound are located close to subway stations. Camp Coiner is tucked into a corner of Yongsan. After Yongsan return, becomes US Embassy compound (tentative) because of the long-disputed area for the new Embassy in Seoul. The Embassy of the United States in Seoul may build a new Chancery on part of the land planned to be vacated by the U.S. Army, most probably Camp Coiner. Most of the U.S. Embassy officials live in an Embassy housing compound located in an area almost completely enveloped by the Yongsan Garrison, and with direct access to the Garrison. (Source: Wikipedia: Yongsan Garrison.)

      • Camp Kim: Part of Yongsan Garrison (SEE GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Kim.) NOT listed on IMA-K site.

      • Hannam Village: Hannam Village is the primary enlisted family housing area for soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines serving on Yongsan or in the Seoul Area. A village within itself, Hannam contains all the amenities of a small neighborhood town to include a mini-mall, exchange, commissary, chapel, day-care, etc. Hannam is located about 10 minutes by car (depending on traffic) or a 20 minute walk from Yongsan Main Post and South Post. (SEE Area II: Hannam Village and GlobalSecurity.org: Hannam Village.)

      • Camp Market: Camp Market is a small USAG-Yongsan installation located in Bupyeong, about halfway between Yongsan Garrison and the Port of Incheon about 30 miles to the west. It is home to the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office, the Army and Air Force Exchange Service distribution and a bakery which provides bread, pastries and other baked goods to installations throughout the Republic of Korea. The installation has 34 warehouses with a combined total of 852,495 square feet of storage space. Most of the installation’s 600 employees are Korean National employees, Korea Service Corps workers or contractors. (SEE Area II: Camp Market and GlobalSecurity.org: Camp Market.) Bupyong. Return under LPP in 2008.

      • Corps of Engineers Far East District (FED) compound -- Part of Yongsan Garrison. NOT Listed on IMA-K site. (SEE FED.)

      • K-16 Air Base: K-16 is an army airfield located on the South-Eastern side of Seoul, across the Han River from Yongsan. K-16, also known as Seoul Air Base, is a small post located near the city of Songnam just outside of Seoul. K-16, a Republic of Korea (ROK) air base, hosts two US Army units, the 1st Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment and the 595 Maintenance Company. The K-16 Airfield is controlled and operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force. (SEE Area II: K-16 Air Base and GlobalSecurity.org: K-16 Air Base/Songnam.)

      • 8th Army Religious Retreat: Provides logistical and technical support for ministry teams to conduct spiritual fitness training for Soldiers, family members and authorized civilians. Located near Yongsan Garrison, the Religious Retreat Center was founded by Chaplain (Col.) John K. Connelly after the Armistice in 1953. Connelly, the center’s first director, received permission from the Korean government to use this site for religious activities. It opened in the summer of 1954. On Feb. 22, 1955, the Religious Retreat Center was officially designated by GO #16 as a distinctive unit. (SEE Area II: Retreat Center.)


    • U.S. Army Garrison-Humphreys (Area III Support Activity) (Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek) Camp Humphreys is a component of 19th Sustainment Command and houses three major units all commanded by colonels (0-6). The United States Army Support Activity Area III was established June 17, 1996.

      The Support Activity is responsible for the peacetime support mission for Camps Humphreys, Long, and Eagle and Army units assigned to Suwon and Kunsan Air Bases, Korea, by preparing for tactical operations and safeguarding personnel, facilities and property. The Support Activity is designated also as the installation command element of the Army installations in Area III.

      Prior to the activation of the Area II Support Activity, those responsibilities fell to the 23rd Support Group. During a reorganization process, the 23rd Support Group was redesignated the 23rd Area Support Group, responsible for the wartime support mission for Area III. The 6th Cavalry Brigade stood up its headquarters at Camp Humphreys, Korea, July 24, 1996. They provide the warfighting capabilities within Area III. Area III includes Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek CPX Area, Camps Long and Eagle, and U.S. Army units at Suwon, Osan and Kunsan ABs.

      On June 15, 2006 the 23rd Area Support Group, located at Camp Humphreys, was deactivated and rolled into the 501st Sustainment Brigade that included the old 23rd, the 501st Combat Support Group located at Camp Stanley and the 20th Area Support Group located at Camp Carroll.


      As of April 2007, the following are the camps under Area III:
      • US Army Garrison -- Humphreys: (See IMCOM-K AREA III and Global Security.org: Camp Humphreys. ) (SEE kalaniosullivan.com: Camp Humphreys for history, protest background and recent news.) USAG Humphreys is one of the U.S. Army's fastest growing installations. In addition to an Army airfield, there are U.S. Army and USAF direct support, transportation, plus tactical units located here with about 9,500 military personnel and nearly 1000 family members. The installation covers an area about one mile wide and two miles long. The Installation has made a lot of progress in upgrading its infrastructure by replacing most of the Korean War vintage Quonset huts with new buildings and several ongoing facility upgrades. The newest addition to USAG Humphreys is the AAFES Main PX. The 55,000 square foot multiplex includes a food court and mini mall. The PX houses the usual selections plus a shoppette, class VI, video rental and a furniture department. Inside the food court, you can enjoy the delicious variety from the following offerings: Taco Bell, Anthony's Pizza, Popeye's Chicken, Baskin Robbins, Robin Hood, Dunkin Donuts and American Eatery. The mini mall contains: FedEx, beauty salon, barber shop, gift shop, optical shop, music world, Diamond Water, flower shop, dry cleaning and many Korean vendors. By the year 2005, nearly 250 million dollars worth of construction will have been completed, that will include new barracks, officers’ quarters as well as family housing for soldiers as well as civilians. (Source: IMCOM-K: AREA III.)

        In November 2003, it was announced that 240,000 p'yeong of farming land was to be expropriated from part of P'aengseong-eup [in P'yeongt'aek City. In 2004, the anti-war and unification NGO groups took the side of the farmers to assist their agendas and exploited the situation to inflame the community. The protests culminated in the violent confrontation in Jul 2004 where both demonstrators and policemen were hospitalized. In Mar 2004, the U.S. and ROK negotiated an amendment to the LPP whereby the land grants planned for Uijongbu and Ichon were cancelled, and a larger grant of land at Camp Humphreys provided instead. On 1 June 2004 Yonhap News reported that the USFK had requested South Korea grant for 3.2-3.3 million pyeong of land in Pyeongtaek. Later the land was increased to 3.5 million and approved by the National Assembly.

        The chief obstacle in the Future of the Alliance (FOTA) talks on 7-8 Jun 2004 was the size of the new, integrated U.S. military facility in Pyeongtaek and Osan. U.S. negotiators said they required 1,130 hectares (2,800 acres) to build a new base. South Korea offered 970 hectares plus an additional 30-hectare parcel, which would provide space for UN Command and Combined Forces Command headquarters. U.S. delegates reportedly requested that the Korean government provide 480,000 pyeong of land for the Osan/Pyeongtaek base site, in addition to the 3.12 million pyeong of land already provided, in exchange for returning an additional 11.18 million pyeong of land from U.S. 2nd ID bases along with the 41.14 million pyeong (135.8 million sq. meter) that the United States had already promised to return under the LPP. (See Relocation of USFK (2004) for details.) In Aug 2004, despite its agreement to procure land for the Pyongtaek relocation, the ROK was still offering "alternative" sites and stating that giving half of the land agreed on in 2004 was impossible. Donga Ilbo, "Government to Complete the Land Purchase Deal of the USFK Bases Relocation Site in Pyongtaek by Next Year" (7 Aug 2004) stated that the Ministry of National Defense announced that they planned to complete the purchase of the 3,490,000-pyong alternative site in the Pyongtaek area in the Gyeonggi province by the end of 2005.

        Camp Humphreys Tenant Units: UNCATEGORIZED: 2nd Maint Co (TMDE); 22nd Korean Service Corp Company; 25th Trans, 138th PMCT; 4th Det, A Co, 249th Engr Battalion; 194th CSSB; 501st Signal Company; 604th Air Spt Op Sqdn (USAF); A Co, 304th Signal Battalion; B Detachment, 176th Finance Battalion; 607th CBCS (Combat Communications Squadron, US Air Force); AVIATION 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade; 3rd Battalion, 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade; 4th Battalion, 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade; D Co, 58th Aviation Regiment; C Co, 52nd Aviation Regiment; 602nd Aviation Support Battalion; 7th ROK Air Force; Theater Aviation Single Manager-Korea MEDICAL & DENTAL C Co, 168th Medical; 65th Medical Company (Dental); 568th Medical Company MILITARY INTELLIGENCE 20th Military Police Det 3rd Military Intelligence Battalion 527th Military Intelligence Battalion A Co 524th Military Intelligence Battalion MILITARY POLICE 557th Military Police Company; 249th Military Police Detachment

      • Camp Long (Area III): (SEE: IMCOM-K AREA III and Global Security.org. ) Return under LPP in 2011. Camp Long is named in honor of Sergeant Charles R. Long who was posthumously awared the Medal of Honor for his heroic deeds performed near Wonju, Korea on 12 February 1951. Camp Long is located near the city of Wonju, Korea. The Camp Long support detachment was organized on 13 January 1970 to provide support to tenant units at Camp Long and H-401 Airfield. At that time the unit was assigned to 29th General Support Group and placed under the operational control of the Commanding General, First Republic of Korea Detachment, KMAG. On 1 June 1978, Camp Long was reassigned to the 19th TSC and under the control of the Commander at Camp Page. In June 1996 during another reorganization, Camp Long became part of Area III under the operational control of the United States Army Support Activity, Camp Humphreys, Korea. The Camp Long and Camp Eagle Installation Commander is a Major (O-4). Tenant units located on Camp Long are HHD USASA, Detachment of B Company, 168th Medical BN; 275th Signal Det., 41st Signal BN, 1st Signal BDE; 665 Medical Det., 18th MEDCOM Dental Clinic; 524th MI Det.; Det 452 (Air Force); 557th MP Det.; and a section of 66th AG Postal Det., CSCT #1, Detachment of EUSA G-3, B Co 304th Signal BN and 538th Ordinance BN. Camp Long community facilities include: A small Post Exchange, Gymnasium, Bank, Dry Cleaners, Barber Shop, Community Club, Recreation Center, Bowling Center, Library, Education Center, KATUSA Snack Bar, Softball Field, Swimming Pool, 3 Athletic Courts, and AAFES Cyber Cafe. Professional services provided to those assigned at Camp Long are: Chapel, Dining Facility, Public Affiars Office, Airfield Safety, Fire Department, Transportation Office, Military Police, Postal Service, Health Clinic, dental clinic, Logistics, and Airfiled Operations, Army Community Service, Billeting/Housing, Sub-Department of Public Works, Directorate of Logistics,and MWR.

      • Camp Eagle (Area III): (SEE: IMCOM-K AREA III and Global Security.org.) Camp Eagle (H-401), formerly known as R-401, was officially dedicated on 3 July 1989. Camp Eagle was established through the cooperative efforts of both the Republic of Korea and the United States Government. This was the first joint major project that both governments actively funded. Camp Eagle is the most modern and newest installation within the Republic of Korea and supported two primary units: The 1st Squadron, 6th Cavalry, 6th Cavalry Brigade and G-52 AVN, 194th Maintenance Company provides direct support of the 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division., 607th Weather Squadron OLB DET 2 USAF, 520th Maintenance Company (MST), Lockheed Martin. Camp Eagle was reorganized in June 1996 and became part of Area III with installation responsibilities belonging to the Installation Commander at Camp Long. Camp Eagle Community facilities are mostly located at Camp Long, 7 miles away. Camp Eagle does have a Community Club, Fire Department, Dining facility, small Post Exchange, Gymnasium, ATM, Barber Shop, KATUSA Snack Bar, and Softball Field. Professional services provided to those assigned at Camp Eagle are: Chapel, Airfield Safety, and Airfield Operations,

        The 1-6 Cav was relocated stateside and became the 3rd Battalion, 4th Aviation Regiment (3-4 AVN): Fort Hood, Texas (Source: AH-64 units.)) In 2005, the 1st Battalion (Attack), 2nd Aviation Regiment "Gunfighters" moved from Camp Page in Area I, to Camp Eagle in Area III. The move required transporting more than $485 million worth of organizational property including 18 Apache Longbow helicopters, 150 tactical vehicles, trailers and associated ground support equipment. There were also more than 400 U.S. and KATUSA Soldiers and all of their belongings, and all of the battalion's equipment. (Source: Morning Calm, 6 Jan 2006) Camp Long is to be returned under LPP in 2011.

      • Suwon AB (Area III): (SEE: IMCOM-K AREA III and Global Security.org. ) Located about 30 miles north of Camp Humphreys, Suwon is a Korean Air Force installation. U.S. presence on the base is primarily soldiers of the 1/43d Air Defense Artillery, with the unit headquarters at Osan Air Base. In 2007, the 1-117 ADA arrived to replace the 1-43 ADA as Suwon. Because of its proximity to Osan (Suwon is about 10 miles north of Osan AB), Area III soldiers stationed on the installation frequently utilize the Air Force MWR facilities. However, they are still the responsibility of Area III MWR and are included in all Area III Sports and Recreation championships. 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is our single tenant unit at Suwon AB. (NOTE: In May 2007, the 1-43 ADA was returning to Ft. Bliss and replaced by the 1-7th ADA.)
      The Area III Support Activity of the U.S. Army Installation Management Command-Korea (IMCOM-K) is headquartered at USAG Humphreys near the Pyeongtaek City and adjacent to the town of Anjung-ri. Area III includes Camps Long and Camp Eagle. USAG Humphreys, or "The Hump" as it is affectionately known, is home to Desiderio Army Airfield (the busiest overseas airfield with over 60, 000 movements annually) as well as 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade and numerous other units.
      • 194th Maintenance BN (Camp Humphreys, Wonju) The 194th Maintenance Battalion, located at Camp Humphreys and Wonju, consists of a headquarters and Headquarters Company, a direct support maintenance company, a supply company and two aviation intermediate maintenance companies. Its missions include aircraft recovery operations, direct support maintenance, hot refuel, water purification operations and intermediate level aircraft maintenance. Through the enhanced engine repair activity, the 194th Maintenance Battalion provides a cost avoidance program saving several million dollars per year ($26 million in FY-94).


    • U.S. Army Garrison-Daegu (Area IV Support Activity) (Camp Henry, Taegu) Formerly the 20th Support Group. The 20th Support Group was responsible for all support functions in Area IV. Area IV consists of all areas south of Taejon, to include Camp Carroll in Waegwan, Camps Henry, Walker and George in Taegu, and Pier 8 in Pusan. 20th ASG also supported Marine detachments located at MEC-P in Pohang. This support included everything from housing, water and electricity - to stop lights, roadway and recreation.

      The Area IV Support Activity was constituted on Oct 16, 2003, in the regular Army as Area IV Support Activity. It is a subordinate unit to the Installation Management Command--Korea Region located at Yongsan Garrison in Seoul, which was activated on Oct 7, 2002. Korea Region reports directly to Installation Management Command, a single organization currently with seven offices worldwide. The Area IV Support Activity assumed the base operations mission from the 20th Area Support Group (subsequently relocated to Camp Carroll and deactivated in June 2006).

      The Area IV Support Activity is responsible for managing all aspects of US Army installations in Area IV, such as construction; family care; food management; environmental programs; well-being; logistics; and public works in the lower third of the Republic of Korea. Area IV is the largest of the US Army's four geographic regions on the peninsula. It covers 10,000 square miles and stretches from Daejon to Busan, including installations in Daegu.

      The Area IV Support Activity provides support for five installations and 10 sites. It provides support and services for 38 separate units and agencies in Area IV, which perform a variety of missions in the defense of the Republic of Korea, and about 10,000 US military, KATUSA Soldiers, American and Korean civilian employees, contractors and American family members. The Area IV Support Activity also provides support ot other services in Area IV, including those stationed at Fleet Activities Chinhae (US Navy) in Jinhae, Gwangju Air Base (US Army and US Air Force on a ROK Air Force Installation in Gwangju, and Camp Mujuk (US Marine Corps) in Pohang. The Area IV Support Activity Good Neighbor Program was named the best worldwide in the ongoing programs category of the Department of the Army Community Relations Award of Excellence competion in fiscal year 2007, for its efforts to build ties with the Korean community. It is the only IMCOM-Korea unit to receive a DA award. (Source: IMA-K: Area 4.)


      As of April 2007, the following are the camps under Area IV:
      • Camp Carroll: Camp Carroll consists of 546 acres in the Nak Tong River Valley, approximately one-quarter mile east of the historic Nak Tong River. The terrain is hilly, with surrounding mountains. Weather is similar to that of the Midwestern United States--hot and humid in the summer, cold and windy in the winter. The total population of Camp Carroll is approximately 2,700. Of that, US military personnel number approximately 1,200, or 44 percent. Other members of the community include Department of Defense civilians, Korean National employees, KATUSAs, and non-command sponsored family members.

        Camp Carroll is dominated by warehouses and lots. One of it's primary functions is to house millions of dollars in war reserve stocks, to include everything from tanks to tools. Giant garages house repair facilities where wheeled equipment weighing several tons can be disassembled, or a sensitive electronic circuit board can be checked for invisible cracks. Other features include those structures normally found on a military installation, barracks, snack bars, a commissary, a movie theater, post exchange, etc.

        US Army-Combat Equipment Battalion-Northeast Asia [CEB-NEA] mission is to oversee the maintenance program to ensure operational readiness of APS-4 materiel for use by the Commanders in Chief (CINCs) during contingencies or exercises. It provides the operating contractor, Eighth US Army (EUSA), US Army Pacific (USARPAC), and US Army Japan (USARJ) with guidelines for development of detailed procedures for the execution of each facet of the supply, inventory, and accountability program, and establishes and maintains oversight of those procedures. The CEB-NEA also supports the Army's Power Projection Strategy. The CEB-NEA was established in October 1998 to manage APS-4 war reserve stocks located throughout the Pacific theater. These stocks are configured into an Armor Brigade Modification Table of Organization and Equipment (MTOE) Set, Operational Project Stocks, and Sustainment Stocks for the purpose of linking peacetime readiness with power projection during hostilities. The Headquarters is located at Camp Carroll Waegwan, South Korea, with major storage sites in South Korea, Japan, and Hawaii.

        The US Army Material Support Center-Korea (USAMSC-K) is headquartered at Camp Carroll. USAMSC-K provides general service maintenance and supply support for all US military units in the Republic of Korea. Camp Carroll is the major storage site for war reserves and decrement stocks in Korea. 307th Signal Battalion provides defense communication system (DCS) entry and signal telephone, teletypewriter, and facsimile services. The 307th supports military communications requirements within the Republic of Korea for United States Forces Korea, Combined Field Army, Combined Forces Command, and the Eight United States Army. The 18th MEDLOG Battalion provides all Class VII (Medical) supplies to the Corps. This includes spectacle fabrication, bio-medical maintenance and medical supply. 16th MEDLOG operates the largest frozen blood storage facility on the peninsula. Other units include Army War Reserves, Headquarters, 6th Ordnance Battalion. The 23rd Chemical Battalion was stationed at the facility, but relocated to Fort Lewis in late 2004; the completiion of the relocation was announced by Eighth US Army on December 17, 2004. .

        The US Army TMDE Region Pacific replaced the 2D Maintenance Company as a result of the reduction of soldiers at Echelon Above Corps (EAC), its mission will be to provide TMDE Support to the Western Pacific Theater of operations. This will include Korea and Japan with Small Arms and Ammunition Gage support for Hawaii. The Region Headquarters is located at CP Carroll Korea (Waegwan). It is a Composite Civilian/Military organization, with an ACL, ICL, PBO/MSSA and Support Office located at CP Carroll , a TDA 286 TSC at CP Coiner, a TDA 287 at Sagami, Japan, MTOE 287 ATSTs at CP Casey and CP Sears, 2 MTOE 287 ATST's at CP Humphreys. The 4 MTOE ATST's are organizational elements of the 95th Maintenance Co. under coordinating authority of the region. Region-Pacific became a permanent organization effective 16 September 1999. (SEE Area IV: Camp Carroll and Global Security.org: Camp Carroll.)

      • Camp George: Camp George consists of 16 acres. Its principle uses are family housing, dependent K-12 schools, Child Development Center, and outdoor recreation areas. Camp George is managed by the 20th Support Group and is dominated by family apartments, the Department of Defense School, Child Daycare Center, and a AAFES Shoppette. Taegu American School serves all grades Kindergarten through High School. Camp George is tucked within the Taegu Korean community, just a short walk from Camp Henry. Camp George was named after Pfc. Charles George, who received the Medal of Honor during the Korean Conflict. (SEE Area IV: Camp George and Global Security.org: Camp George.)

      • Camp Henry: Camp Henry is managed by the 20th Support Group and consists of 51 acres dominated by administrative buildings. Other uses include community facilities, troop housing and outdoor recreation areas. It is in close proximity to both Camp George and Camp Walker, who share most of the housing and recreational facilities. Taegu is home to Camps Walker, George, and Henry. A free shuttle links all three posts with Camp Carroll. Taegu is famous with the best delicate, crunch, and juicy tasting apples and textile industries which is mostly exported. (SEE Area IV: Camp Henry and Global Security.org: Camp Henry.)

      • Camp Walker: Camp Walker consists of 190 acres. The northern end is devoted to operational uses, such as an airfield. The central portion of the installation is devoted to recreational uses with a golf course utilizing a large portion of the installation. Camps Henry, Walker and George are located within a few blocks of one another in Taegu. Although each has several recreational facilities, generally Camp Henry is dominated by administration buildings, Camp George is dominated by enlisted housing and the DODDS Taegu American School, Camp Walker houses the majority of the MWR and AAFES facilities in addition to officer housing. Combined, Camps Henry, Walker and George provide a comfortable community for Americans living and working in the Taegu area. This combined community is provided with services normally afforded major installations ranging from the BOSS program for single service members, to Family Advocacy Programs to assist married personnel and their families. (SEE Area IV: Camp Walker and Global Security.org: Camp Walker.)


    • 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (ESC) -- (Camp Henry) Formerly the 19th Theater Support Command (Provisional) (ENAC). The 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) is the largest forward-deployed multi-component ESC in the U.S. Army. It is headquartered in Daegu, South Korea and provides logistical support to the 8th United States Army. The 19th ESC also assists and coordinates the collective efforts of individual subordinate commands and units located throughout the Republic of Korea. The Command Reserve Components remain at the ready to deploy during contingency situations and are located in Des Moines, Iowa. Collectively, the 19th ESC comprises a team of professionals to support the 37,000 U.S. troops stationed in the Republic of Korea. 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) supports maintaining the Armistice and deterrence of north Korean aggression against the Republic of Korea (ROK). Should deterrence fail, the 19th ESC supports Noncombatant Evacuation Operations; transitions to wartime posture; conducts Reception, Staging and supports Onward movement of deploying US forces; and performs Army Support to Other Services (ASOS) in support of operations on the Korean peninsula. On order, conducts redeployment operations.(Source: 19th ESC.)

      19th ESC is the logistic support arm of 8th Army with the mission of sustaining combat power throughout the peninsula. It's also responsible for the operations and support of the 82 Army installations in Korea. Its headquarters is located on Camp Henry in Taegu, with subordinate commands located in each of the Army's four areas of operation on the peninsula. On 16 June 2000, the 19th Theater Army Area Command was re-designated the 19th Theater Support Command (Provisional). In October, 2000 the 19th Theater Support Command (TSC), one of the U.S. Army's first Multi-Component commands, blending active duty and reserve component units into a single - seamless command. Currently has 10,000 troops assigned.

      Redesignated as the 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) on 1 June 2006. Headquarters at Camp Carroll. The units are part of the Army's Installation Management Command (IMCOM). It was making the changes so that its subordinate organizations worldwide will be named according to the same standard format. The Area II Support Activity at Yongsan Garrison in Seoul will become the U.S. Army Garrison-Yongsan; the Area III Support Activity at Camp Humphreys in Pyeongtaek becomes the U.S. Army Garrison-Humphreys; the Area IV Support Activity at Camp Henry in Daegu becomes the U.S. Army Garrison-Daegu. In Mar 2007 name changes took effect.


      • 501st Sustainment Brigade (Area IV) (Camp Stanley) Subordinate Command of the 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). (Source: 19th ESC.) Formerly 501st Corps Support Group (Corps) The 501st Corps Support Group was headquartered at Camp Red Cloud, located 20 miles north of Seoul in Uijongbu until 2005. As a Corps Support Group, its primary mission is to provide logistical support to non-divisional U.S. Forces in a combat zone. With an on order mission to provide backup support to the 2nd Infantry Division.

        In Aug 2005, command of Camp Stanley passed from the 2nd Infantry Division's Fires Brigade to the 501st Corps Support Group marking the end of 34 years occupation by 2nd Infantry Division units. Along with the 501st, units moving to Camp Stanley in 2005 included the 498th Combat Support Battalion; 46th Transportation Company; 61st Maintenance Company; 305th Quartermaster Company; Detachment A, 168th Medical Company; 304th Signal Battalion and the 15th Korean Service Corps Company. In Area I, the 501st provides combat service support services to 2nd ID. That includes supply, maintenance, transport and movement control as well as postal and personnel service support. On June 15, 2006 the 23rd Area Support Group, located at Camp Humphreys, was deactivated and rolled into the 501st Sustainment Brigade. The 501st Sustainment Brigade included the old 23rd, the deactivated 501st Combat Support Group located at Camp Stanley and the deactivated 20th Area Support Group located at Camp Carrolll.
      • 498th Corps Support BN (Area IV) -- (Camp Stanley) Subordinate Command of the 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). (Source: 19th ESC.) Formerly the 227th maintenance battalion, provides command and control, administrative, training and life support for headquarters and headquarters detachment, 498th corps support battalion. The battalion has served continuously in the Republic of Korea, fulfilling an important part in supporting the Area II community. The re-designation aligns the Unit's command and control structure to the subordinate units it manages. The 498th Corps Support Battalion (Provisional) manages two maintenance companies, two quartermaster companies, and a transportation company. Consists of a headquarters and headquarters Company, two maintenance companies, two supply companies and one medium truck company. Its missions include supply operation and accountability, direct support maintenance and medium truck transportation.

        • 46th Transportation Company -- (Camp Stanley) Provides responsive line-haul transportation support throughout the USFK Theater. Additionally, provide backup transportation support to the 2ID. The 46th traded a big maintenance shop at Camp Humphreys for a much smaller building at Camp Stanley that is on the opposite side of the airstrip from the unit's offices.
        • 61st Maintenance Company -- (Camp Stanley) Provides direct support maintenance and repair parts to non-divisional units operating in, or passing through area I. provide backup support to other DS maintenance units, divisional units, and separate brigades.
        • 293rd Quartermaster Detachment -- Provides direct support for class III (bulk), water purification and storage support for non-divisional units in area I.
        • 305th Quartermaster Supply Company -- (Camp Stanley) Provides direct support for classes I, II, III (package & bulk), IV, and VII; water purification & distribution; and, mortuary affairs support to non-divisional units on an area basis. Provides backup support to the 2ID. A large hangar vacated by 1-2 Aviation at Camp Stanley was earmarked for the Department of Public Works workers due to move there from Camp Falling Water in 2005.
        • 595th Maintenance Company -- (Camp Stanley) Provide DS maintenance and class IX repair parts to non-divisional US forces in area II. Operates the ALOC distribution drop point for area II. Additionally, operate the K-16/Songnam NEO assembly point.
        • Detachment A, 168th Medical Company -- (Camp Stanley) Under the 168th Medical BN (Camp Henry)
        • 304th Signal BN -- (Camp Stanley) Under the 1st Signal Brigade. Moved to Camp Stanley from Camp Colbern.
        • 15th Korean Service Corps Company -- (Camp Stanley)


      • 25th Transportation BN (Area IV) (Yongsan; Taegu) Subordinate Command of the 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). (Source: 19th ESC.) The 25th Transportation Battalion is responsible for transporting machines, materials, and manpower throughout the Republic of Korea. The mission of the 25th Transportation Battalion is to provide movement control services and transportation management during Armistice and Contingency to include the Common-User Land Transportation (CULT) system for personnel and material movements into, within, and out of the Republic of Korea (ROK) in support of the 19th Theater Support Command, Eighth United States Army (EUSA) and United States forces Korea. The 25th Transportation Battalion is organized with two regional movement control teams (RMCTs). The 1st RMCT is co-located with the 25th Transportation Battalion in Seoul and provides movement control in the northern sector. The 2nd MCT provides movement control for the southern sector of the Korean peninsula. The 1st RMCT supports 2ID. The 2ID maintains a rail capability to conduct rail movements for deploying equipment to training exercises, receiving and offloading equipment, and loading equipment for turn-in. Based on unit movement requirements the DTO coordinates with the 25th MCT for rail cars and schedules. The 25th Transportation Battalion procures and inspects the cars, and coordinates with the Korean National Railroad (KNR) for load and tie down inspections. The KNR is the final authority on accepting rail loads for movement. (NOTE: Formerly aligned under the 34th Area Support Group which was deactivated in Sep 2006. The functions of the 34th Area Support Group assumed by the Area II Support Activity -- later redesignated US Army Garrison -- Yongsan. Uncertain of current organizational alignment.)


      • 55th Theater Support Command - Materiel Management Center (MMC) (Camp Henry) (UNCERTAIN OF UNIT ALIGNMENT) The 55th TSC (MMC) consists of forward and rear elements. This organization operates under a split-based concept with a forward element that is in support of deployed theater units while maintaining a rear element in support of non-deployed units. When required, this organization deploys Material Management Teams (MMTs) capable of providing limited Corps Materiel Management Center (CMMC) forward functions and immediate communications with all elements prior to the establishment of the theater communications network. The 55th Materiel Management Center (MMC), Theater Support Command (TSC), (Multi-Component) was activated on 17 October 2000 by combining the 55th MMC in Fort Belvoir, Virginia and the former 6th Support Center, MMC's, in Taegu, Korea.

      • Material Support Center, Korea (Area IV) (Camp Carroll, Waegwan) (Area IV) Subordinate Command of the 19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary). (Source: 19th ESC.) (Units: Pusan Storage Facility, Pusan Forward Area Inspection Team (FAIT), Seoul Commercial Vehicle Parts Supply Point (CVPSP), Seoul Army Oil Analysis Laboratory, Pusan) -- The US Army Materiel Support Center, Korea (USAMSC-K) is headquartered at Camp Carroll located in Waegwan, 25 miles northwest of Taegu. MSC-K maintains all United States military equipment in Korea, with the exception of aviation, medical, dental, signal intelligence, electronic warfare, and special weapons systems. This includes everything from tents to tanks, radios to troop transports, and rifles to construction vehicles. MSC-K stores all the equipment necessary for a brigade. This Brigade Set is kept in six warehouses, including two which hold 58 tanks each. In the event of war, troops would arrive from the United States, pick up their equipment and head off to battle. MSC-K provides general purpose supply items, lumber, and food for the soldiers, and maintains a facility which supplies parts for 15 motor pools in Korea. MSC-K performs General Support (GS) maintenance and special repairs (through Special Repair Activity) on all categories of equipment and materiel (except aviation, dental, medical, SIGINT/EW, and special weapon items) in support of designated activities and units, and the Eighth US Army General Support Repair Program. It provides back-up Maintenance Support to Direct Support Units. MSC-K repairs major assemblies, sub-assemblies, and components in support of the General Support Repairable Activity (GSRA). It provides GS supply support to EUSA directed by the 19th ESC, and exercises command and control over assigned units.

        During the RSOI-07 exercise, troops drew the vehicles from a set of warehouses at the Army's Materiel Support Center-Korea (MSC-K) where pre-positioned stocks of combat vehicles for a brigade-sized unit are kept ready with other equipment. It was last carried out during RSOI in 2003. The combat vehicles are part of "pre-positioned" stocks of military equipment at Camp Carroll. Stored at the camp are a variety of armored weapons, medical support and maintenance equipment, including 58 tanks, 112 infantry combat vehicles, and 18 Paladin self-propelled howitzers. Tanks and armored vehicles then moved to railroad transport facilities in the camp to be transported to training sites like Uijeongbu and Dongducheon. It took the American mainland troops a total of 96 hours or exactly four days to inspect military equipment in Camp Carroll, load them with ammunition and put them on freight trains. (Source: Chosun Ilbo, 29 Mar 2007.)
          • Busan Storage Facility, Pusan -- (ARMY) Near Camp Carroll. The center consists of about 14 warehouses and 19 covered storage sheds that house supplies to shelter and feed troops based in South Korea. About 120 employees, most of them Korean, staff the center. Name officially changed from Pusan Storage Facility to Busan Storage Facility in May 2007. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)
          • Forward Area Inspection Team (FAIT), Seoul
          • Commercial Vehicle Parts Supply Point (CVPSP), Seoul
          • Army Oil Analysis Laboratory, Pusan


      • Special Troop BN (Camp Humphreys) The mission of Special Troops Battalion and Headquarters and Headquarters Company is to provide administrative and logistical support to the staff of the headquarters, 19th TSC during both armistice and combat operations. It conducts base defense and non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO). (See article Morning Calm, 2005.) The


      • 6th Ordnance BN (UNCERTAIN OF UNIT ALIGNMENT) (Camp Carroll) The 6th Ordnance Battalion exercises command and control over six ordnance companies located through the Republic of Korea. The 6th Ordnance Battalion performs ammunition stock accountability, visibility, and surveillance functions in accordance with SALS-K for United States titled ammunition support EUSA and ROKA IAW WRSA MOA #1. (NOTE: The ROK WRSA-K (War Reserve Stocks for Allies -- Korea) was eliminated on Dec 2005. As of 2007, the ROK is still "negotiating" for the munitions. The USFK no longer provides war-readiness munitions to the ROK.) The battalion has the mission of ammunition accountability, surveillance and maintenance supervision. Its subordinate units coordinate directly with the Republic of Korea Army units who receive, store, issue and transport the ammunitions in accordance with the single ammunition logistics system-Korea. (NOTE: This is the MAGNUM system most USAF units are familiar with.) This was an international agreement established in 1974 to govern the handling and management of U.S. titled ammunition. The 6th Ordnance Battalion on order also provides DS/GS ammunition support to EUSA, backup GS to ROKA and common item support to USFK.
        • 72nd Ordnance Company (near Chinhae (Pier 8)) -- The 6th Ordnance Battalion is also responsible for monitoring the Chinhae Ammunition Pier for explosive safety during off-loads. The Chinhae Ammo Pier is located on a Republic of Korea Naval Base near the quiet community of Chinhae.
        • 84th Ordnance Company (Camp Carroll, Waegan)
        • 538th Ordnance Company (Camp Long)
        • 52nd Ordnance Company (near Chungju -- ROKAF 19th FW, Chungju AB)




      Area V (Osan AB) and Area VI (Kunsan AB): The US Army Installation Management Command programs and control does NOT apply to the USAF bases. However, for USFK administrative purposes (i.e., off-limits areas and NEO programs), Osan AB is referred to as "Area V" and Kunsan AB is referred to as "Area VI." The wing commanders of the 51st FW and 8th FW are the commanders of Area V and VI respectively.



    • 1st Signal Brigade -- The 1st Sig Bde is headquartered in Yongsan with units throughtout Korea. 1st Sig Bde provides strategic and tactical communications, and information management to USFK and component command headquarters in the ROK. They provide mobile tactical communications, fixed tactical voice and wide area networking, message center and tactical data communications, satellite communications and contingency restoral of Defense Communications System circuits, long-haul, inter-nodal connectivity bwetween geographically dispersed sites. 1st Sig Bde operates and maintain all AFKN TV, FM and AM radio transmission facilities.


      • 36th Signal BN (Camp Walker) The 36th Signal Battalion headquarters is located at Camp Walker, Taegu, and is composed of four companies and one detachment. It is made up of United States Army soldiers, Korean Augmentees to the U. S. Army, Department of the Army civilians and Korean Nationals. The battalion operates and maintains Army strategic Defense Communications Systems, non-DCS base communications and information systems from the DMZ to the southern ports of Chinhae and Pusan in support of UNC/CFC/USFK/EUSA forces. The 36th Signal Battalion's subordinate units are Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 74th, 169th, 293rd and 501st Signal companies. These units manage isolated communications sites, fiber optic terminals, pulse code modulation and microwave terminals, technical control facilities and digital electronic switching earth terminal. They also manage telecommunications and, information centers, a consolidated information processing center, AM/FM TV transmission facilities and motor pools. Additionally, the battalion has the Regional Director of Information Management responsibilities for the southern two-thirds of Korea.
        • HHD -- (Camp Walker) Its mission is to provide administrative and logistical support for the command group and staff of 36th Signal Battalion. It is responsible for the training, combat readiness and welfare of all assigned personnel. Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment operates a consolidated motor pool, serving three organic and four non-organic units. It also operates a consolidated mailroom which services three organic units.
        • 74th Signal Company -- (Pusan) The company operates and maintains all Army fixed Defense Communications Systems, non-DCS and base communications in a part of the southern portion of Korea. This includes Pusan, Changsan, Chinhae and Cheju Island. The company is dispersed with four operational sites. Three of these remote microwave sites, located on mountain tops, use dirt and gravel access roads. The major operational elements of the company are Chinhae Defense Communications Systems; Pulmosan, Brooklyn and Changsan Microwave relay sites; Pusan Telecommunications Center, Pusan DSN, Pusan Outside Plant, and Masan and Kimhae Fiber Optics repeater stations. Additionally, the unit provides area DOIM support.
        • 169th Signal Company -- (Taegu) The company's mission is to operate and maintain the Automatic Digital Network Switching Center serving U.S. Forces Korea, a Telecommunications Center, the Consolidated Information Processing Center, Information Center South, Korean Intelligence Support System Communications Element and Yongsan Support Facility. The Automatic Digital Switch has trunk interconnectivity to Hawaii, Japan, Guam and CONUS. Ninety-five percent of all record traffic processed in Korea passes through this switch. The Consolidated Information Processing Center, is one-of-a-kind facility in Korea. It houses the Electronic Mail Host and provides round-the-clock Standard Army Management Information Systems and executive software support for major support commands. The CIPC operates on a HITACHI EX27 mainframe computer with 64mb of real memory, eight GB of virtual memory and processing power of 8.5 million instructions per second. All STAMIS processing is done at this facility with output via high speed printers located in Taegu and Yongsan. The Information Center South provides integrated information, customer support and services with user training and displays. It also demonstrates and performs software clearing house services. Since its creation in February 1988, Information Center South personnel have trained more than 550 users on computers with the electronic mail class being the most popular. Classes are taught in English and Hangul.
        • 293rd Signal Company -- (Camp Carroll, Waegwan) The company is an operational, fixed signal company deployed in its combat configuration over an area of 6,000 square miles in the southern portion of Korea. Two of the microwave sites, located on remote mountain tops, are accessible only by extremely treacherous dirt and gravel roads. A third mountain top signal site, Salem, is accessible only by helicopter or a two to three hour walk up a very steep mountain path. Unique mission requirements include maintaining a portion of the Korean DCS Wideband Secure Voice system and operating a major satellite earth terminal facility in the Defense Communications Satellite System. Additionally, the company has area DOIM responsibility for 20th Area Support Group. The company also maintains and operates two FM radio stations in the Vanderbilt radio net; one of which has radio wire integration capability.
        • 501st Signal Company -- (Camp Humphreys, Pyeongtaek) The company's area of responsibility encompasses 7,500 square miles of territory. The operational facilities are located as close as two miles to the nearest site on Camp Humphreys to 154 miles, the farthest site at Kunsan Air Base. The major elements of 501st Signal Company are the Bucket Microwave Site, Camp Humphreys Defense Switching Network, Camp Humphreys Fiber Optic Terminal, Highpoint Microwave Relay, Richmond Microwave Relay, Suwon Fiber Optic Terminal and four digital microwave sites; three of which are located along the DMZ. The 501st operates and maintains the central portions of the Defense Communications System and non-DCS facilities in Korea. It also operates and maintains two telephone exchanges and one telecommunications center. Additionally, the company has area DOIM responsibility for 23rd Area Support Group.


      • 41st Signal BN (Camp Coiner) 41st Signal Battalion has the responsibility of providing information management suport for units in the northern region of the Republic of Korea. The Commander of the 41st Signal Battalion is the Regional Director of Information Management (R-DOIM) in the north. The R-DOIM is complemented with a civilian counterpart that is the Deputy Regional DOIM, and two Area DOIMs (at Camp Red Cloud and at Yongsan). DOIMs normally interface with a unit's Information Management Officer (IMO). An IMO manages information management resources within his/her particular unit. DOIMs are there to support everyone within United States Forces Korea, Eighth U.S. Army, Combined Forces Command, and the United Nations Command. There is a similar structure in the southern portion of the Republic of Korea under 36th Signal Battalion.

        The 41st Signal Battalion provides Information Centers in support of the Information Mission Area (IMA). There is an Information Center (IC) at Yongsan and another Information Center at Camp Red Cloud (CRC). Information Centers provide various services for Eighth US Army (EUSA), United States Forces Korea (USFK), Combined Forces Command (CFC), United Nations Command (UNC), and the Commander In Chief (CINC). One of the many functions that the Information Center performs is the processing of Trouble Call Requests (TCR) for the servicing of automation equipment from each unit's Information Management Officer (IMO). It also provides Computer Based Training (CBT), classrooms for units to conduct their own training, and network support. Information Centers are provided as a service by the 36th Signal Battalion in the southern portion of the Republic.

        Military Affiliate Radio System, or MARS as it is more commonly called, is a special service that the 41st Signal Battalion is proud to provide to soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, and DOD civilians located within the Republic of Korea. MARS uses volunteer radio operators across the United States to relay messages and phone calls for service members stationed in the Republic. MARS provides Marsgrams. MARSgrams are messages that are 50 words or less sent through volunteers to friends and family back home. Drop boxes for MARSgrams are located throughout the Republic for the soldier's convenience.

        Armed Forces Korea Network, better known as AFKN, is a television and radio service provided theater wide for the morale and welfare of members of the U.S. Armed Forces. It also provides news and information to the military community. 41st Signal Battalion is proud to support AFKN's mission in the northern region. 41st Signal Battalion ensures that the transmission signal is received by thousands of military and US government civilians working in the northern region of South Korea. AFKN is supported by 36th Signal Battalion in the southern region.

        41st Signal Battalion provides telephone services to service men and women in the northern region of the Republic.
        • Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment -- (Camp Coiner, Seoul) Provides command and control, operational guidance, and administrative and logistical support. It also operates the consolidated motor pool for the Battalion to include vehicles from HHC, brigade and 275th Signal Company Forward Area Support Team (FAST) North.
        • 275th Signal Company -- (Camp Coiner, Seoul) Operates and maintains telephone exchanges (including installation and maintenance of all military telephones) on Yongsan Main and South posts; Far East District Engineer Compound; Camps Market, Colbern, Page, Eagle, Long and K-16 Seoul Airbase. Additionally, 275th mans Namsan Microwave Station which is not only responsible for microwave relay but also operates and maintains one of the primary Net Radio Interface stations for the northern portion of Korea. The company also operates and maintains all AFKN television and AM/FM transmission systems throughout their area of responsibility. The 275th also has responsibility for the Seoul Net Control/Pacific Gateway Military Affiliated Radio Station where they process over 4,000 MARS GRAMS and 100 phone patches monthly. The company also operates all Defense Communications System facilities in the eastern corridor in support of Camps Page, Long and Eagle.
        • 201st Signal Company -- (Yongsan) It operates and maintains the Automatic Gateway Message System, Sensitive Information Command Center, Seoul and the Information Center.
        • 362nd Signal Company -- (Yongsan) Support the telephone services mission. The largest strategic signal company in lst Signal Brigade. It operates and maintains all Army fixed Defense Communications Systems and base communication facilities in the Yongsan area, (exclusive of telephone systems) to include the U.S. Embassy Carrier Microwave System. The 362nd also operates and maintains all Army fixed and tactical interface systems at the Wartime Command Post Theater Air Naval Ground Operations (TANGO) Center and the mobile alternate command post in support of United Nations Command, U.S. Forces Korea and Eighth United States Army. There are three major facilities which make up 362nd Signal Company: Seoul Defense Communication System, Command Post TANGO and Mobile Communications Support Package, better known as the "Road Warrior." Another mission of 362nd is to operate and maintain two Hangul Telecommunications Centers and the Korean Intelligence Support System. The company also maintains the Centers and Korean intelligence support systems. The company maintains the Emergency Action Console in Command Center Seoul.
        • 552nd Signal Company -- (Camp Red Cloud) Support the telephone services mission. Provides communications and information management services to a wide variety of customers from the Demilitarized Zone to the outskirts of Seoul. The company provides strategic command and control communications in support of the United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Joint Security Area, 2nd Infantry Division and many other tenant organizations within their geographical area. This translates to 400 miles of cable, 11,000 telephone instruments, 2,000 personal computers and 1,400 messages transmitted or received on any given day. The company also operates the 2nd Infantry Division Information Center which provides a variety of office automation and information management services.
        • U.S. Army Printing and Publications Command, Korea (USAPPCK) -- Provides printing services for the CINC,UNC, CFC, USFK, EUSA, and their subordinate commands. USAPPCK is there for all services including Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. In the Printing Division, all work is produced on offset presses and duplicating machines. PPCK's large presses, can print 28"x40" size sheets of paper (up to sixteen 8 ½ x 11" pages at one pass through the press).


      • 304th Signal BN (Camp Stanley) -- The 304th Signal Battalion is a theater-level, echelon above corps tactical signal unit, forward-deployed in the Republic of Korea. The unit provides tactical command and control communications support using Digital Group Multiplexing Assemblages, Tropospheric Radio Systems, Digital Switch Systems and associated communications equipment. Primary services offered by the battalion to its customers include tactical voice, telephone, data communications and message traffic support. The 304th Signal Battalion's mission is to provide tactical communications support as part of the theater integrated strategic-tactical network in support of United Nations Command, Combined Forces Command, United States Forces Korea, Eighth U.S. Army and non-DoD U.S. government organizations within our areas of responsibilities. The battalion's goal is to provide quality, reliable communications support to the warfighter. Moved to Camp Stanley from Camp Colbern in 2005 (closed under LPP). The unit had been at Colbern since 1977.


    • 501st Military Intelligence Brigade ("Red Dragons") -- The 501st MI Bde is subordinate to the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command providing intelligence and security support to headquarters, EUSA. The brigade's mission is to provide combat information and multi-discipline intelligence to joint and combined warfighters. It is comprised of the brigade staff elements and four battalions with remote elements throughout Korea. Elements of the 501st in 2006 were relocating to Camp Humphreys. (Four battalions throughout Korea) (SEE FAS: 501st Military Intelligence Brigade) On 1 January 1978, HHC, 501st ASA Group was redesignated HHC, 501st Military Intelligence Group and activated at Yongsan, Korea. The Group took the place of the temporary 501st MI Group (Provisional), organized at Camp Coiner on 1 April 1977, as part of the major reorganization within Army Intelligence which merged individual disciplines into one organization. On 15 April 1986, the 501st was elevated to brigade status under the Army of Excellence guidelines. (Source: Inscom.army.mil: 501st.)


      • 527th Military Intelligence Battalion -- (Camp Humphreys) ("Silent Warriors") Operates a partial strategic/partial tactical mission. The battalion is located at Zoeckler Station, a sub-installation of Camp Humphreys, Republic of Korea. It is surbordinate to the 501st Military Intelligence Brigade. 527th MI BN was activated at Camp Humphreys, Korea, and assigned to 501st Military Intelligence Brigade. Running 24 hour operations, 527th Military Intelligence Battalion plays a vital role in providing the vigilance required to insure the security of the Republic of Korea. (9 March 1970 As the senior USASA organization in Korea, the 508th USASA Group was redesignated as USASA Group Korea and moved to Camp Humphreys. 30 September 1971 USASA Field Station Korea and 332nd ASA Operations Company (forward) activated. April 1977 The Field Station was resubordinated to the newly formed 501st MI Group headquartered in Seoul. At this time, USASA Field Station Korea became U.S. Army Field Station Korea with four subordinate units: Headquarters and Service Company, Operations Company, 332nd ASA Operations Company (transferred to 532nd Military Intelligence Battalion [MI BN] in 1986), and the 146th ASA Aviation Company (subsequently reorganized as 3rd MI BN). 7 January 1988 U.S. Army Field Station Korea was redesignated as 751st MI BN 16 June 2000 751st MI BN was redesignated as the 527th MI BN.


      • 524th Military Intelligence Battalion ("Silent Vigilence") (Sobingo Compound, Yongsan) -- Provide Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence support to the Joint and Combined War fighter.
        • Alpha Company: Provide Counterintelligence and Force Protection, interrogation/debriefing support.
        • Bravo Company: Provide Counterintelligence and Force Protection, interrogation/debreifing support.
        • Headquarters and Headquarters Company: Provide mission logistical and administrative support to the battalion and subbordinate companies.


      • 3rd Military Intelligence Battalion (Camp Humphreys) ("Winged Vigilence") The mission of the 3rd Military Intelligence Battalion (AE) is to provide timely combat information and intelligence to the tactical and operational warfighters through responsive airborne collection, processing, analysis, and reporting.


      • 532nd Military Intelligence Battalion (Yongsan; Camp Humphreys) ("Nosce Hostem") The 532nd Military Intelligence Battalion is a forward deployed unit operating 24-hours a day, 365 days a year, in support of on and off peninsula intelligence systems. We provide all source intelligence focused on all echelons of the fight. This battalion is an operations battalion responsible for processing, analyzing, producing and disseminating intelligence. Intelligence sources are many and varied and include both on and off peninsula assets. Subordinate units are located throughout the peninsula. The staff elements work at Sobingo compound located just southeast of Yongsan South Post. Other elements of the battalion work and reside at Camp Humphreys.


      • 368th Military Intelligence Battalion ("Vanguard") 368th MI BN the best multi-discipline intelligence operations battalion in the U.S. Army Reserve that continues take great pride in its role in providing Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) Operational Support for the 501st Military Intelligence (MI) Brigade in support of the Korean Theater. 368th MI BN Soldiers, civilians, and families are an integrated team of professionals, highly trained and proficient. They are prepared to answer the nation's call to duty and win the Global War on Terrorism at a moment's notice. The 368th MI Bn provides timely and accurate predictive intelligence collection and analysis to its supported commander and to the Army. Every soldier feels like they are part of a team and that they play a critical role in the team while working towards mission accomplishment.




    • 18th Medical Command (EMAC) -- (Yongsan) The 18th MEDCOM's primary mission is to serve as the strategic link to the CONUS medical base and plan/coordinate US Army medical support at the operational and tactical levels through the early stages of conflict. The secondary mission is to provide theater level command and control of assigned and attached medical units conducting combat health support within the Korean theater. MEDCOM is headquartered in Yongsan with subordinate units located throughout Korea.


      • Medical Department Activity (formerly 121st Combat Support Hospital (CSH)) (Yongsan); The Medical Department Activity provided inpatient and outpatient care. It was originally activated in 1944 as the 121st Evacuation Hospital, Semimobile. It participated in the European Theater during World War II and in the Korean conflict. It has served continuously in Korea as a field unit since 25 September 1950 and as fixed medical treatment facility, Seoul Military Hospital, since 1959. In 1971 Seoul Military Hospital merged with the 121st Evacuation Hospital to become the U.S. Army Hospital, Seoul (121st Evacuation Hospital). On 16 April 1994, the 121st Evacuation Hospital reorganized and was redesignated the 121st General Hospital. On 16 October 2006, the unit was redesignated the 121st Combat Support Hospital and later in Nov 2007 again redesignated as the Medical Department Activity.
        • 127th Field Surgical Team -- Support of 2d ID mission: Historically, 10-15% of wounded in action require surgical intervention to control hemorrhage and provide stabilization sufficient for evacuation. Surgical capability as far forward as the brigade support area is required to reduce mortality for this soldiers. The evolving, increasing nonlinear battlefield requires proximate medical care, with surgical capability, to ensure stabilization of the casualty sufficient for evacuation to a corp-level hospital. Hospitals are complex organizations that do not have the mobility of the units being supported. The Forward Surgical Team is designed to provide immediate surgical resuscitation and stabilization for soldiers who would otherwise not survive a long evacuation to a division or corp level hospital. (Source: Military.com.) (See 2002: PAO.)
        • 135th Field Surgical Team
        • District Veterinary Command (formerly 106th and 129th Veterinary Detachments) -- Clinics of the 129th Med Det (VM) at Yongsan and Cp Walker along with elements of the 106th Med Det (VS), provides comprehensive veterinary medical treatment for pets throughout Korea. The 106th has clinics at Cp Red Cloud, Osan AB. The Yongsan Veterinary Treatment Facility serves as the medical and surgical referral center for the peninsula, though outlying facilities are equipped to handle many clinical procedures.
      • 52nd Medical Evacuation BN (Yongsan Army Garrison, Seoul) -- Medivac battalion. The mission of the 52nd Medical Battalion is to provide comprehensive ground evacuation support to the United States Forces Korea. The battalion accomplishes this mission with two ground ambulance companies (560th and 568th Medical Companies). (NOTE: 3nd Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment (GSAB), Charlie Company -- Air ambulance company (12 UH-60 medical evacuation Black Hawks) Aligned under the 18th Medical Command. Its "dustoff" aircrews fly Black Hawks equipped to rush wounded troops to a field hospital.)
        • HHD 52nd BN -- Yongsan
        • 568th MED CO -- CP Humphreys, Pyongtaek. Ground Ambulance
        • 560th MED CO -- CP Stanley, Uijongbu. Ground ambulance.
      • 168th Medical BN (Camp Henry)
        • HHD
        • A Co. (Camp Stanley)
        • B Co.
        • C Co.
        • D Co.
        • 5th MED DET PM
        • 38th MED DET PM
        • 154th MED DET PM
      • 16th Medical Logistics BN -- Provide Medical Logistics Support to U.S. Forces Korea & Organizations located in the Korean Theater to include functioning as the Single Integrated Medical Logistics Manager (SIMLM). (See article at Soldiers, Feb 96.)
      • 106th Medical Det -- The 106th MED DET (VS) is an ALO 1 unit located in Seoul, on Yongsan Post. It is currently staffed with a headquarters and five squads. PROFIS personnel from VETCOM are required to bring the unit to full manning. Squads are located at Uijongbu, Yongsan, Osan, Taegu, and Pusan. 106th Med Det (VS) Headquarters also provides support for the 129th Med Det (VM) and its outlying clinic at Taegu.
      • Dental Activity (formerly 618th Dental Co) -- 1) Headquarters: Yongsan; 2) Camp CASEY: Tongducheon; 3) Camp RED CLOUD, Camp STANLEY : Uijongbu; 4) Camp LONG : Wonju; 5) Camp HUMPHREY : Pyongtaek; 6) Camp CARROLL : Waegwan; 7) Camp WALKER : Taegu


    • 175th Finance Command (FINCOM) (EAFC) -- 175th FINCOM in Yongsan provides appropriated and nonappropriated fund accounting services and finance support to soldiers, civilian employees and family members in theater, directs the overseas banking program, and provides staff finance and accounting policy advice and operational guidance.The Centralized Pay and Accounting DivIsion provides accounting, vendor pay, foreign national pay, and civilian pay customer services. At Yongsan in Nov 2005, the 19-year old 175th Finance Command cased its colors and merged into the 19th Theater Support Command. The mission is the same, but just under a new command structure. Supposedly the 175th is the first financial command to go to a new model that will eventually be used Armywide. (SEE Homepage.) (Source: EUSA.)


    • Combat Support Coordination Team #1 (1st ROK Army (FROKA) HQ) Facilitates day-to-day working relationships between US and ROK units, and has elements familiar with engineer planning. Supports Combined Forces Command (CFC) by providing the coordination link between First Republic Of Korea Army (FROKA) and CFC and Ground Component Command (GCC) to facilitate the “One Team, One Fight!?motto for combined armies to work towards mission success. CSCT #1 provides an internal direct liaison from the Commanding General of FROKA to the CFC Commander with aviation, all-source intelligence, target acquisition, air defense, fire support, logistics, and communications. (Source: EUSA.)

      The first Combat Support Coordination Team was formed in June 1975, to provide a coordination link between United Nations Command Headquarters and the major combat elements of the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA). This Vital link was essential, as ROKA forces had remained under the operational control of the United Nations Command since the Korean War. Armistice affairs were handled by United Nations Command, while military matters, such as logistics, plans, operations, and intelligence, were functions of USFK/EUSA. FROKA (First ROK Army) mission is to defend the EASTERN section of the DMZ. The VII ROK Corps defends the eastern coastal invasion route, and the VIII ROK Corps is responsible for the coastal defense of Kangwon Province. The First Army and the Third Army occupy well-fortified positions stretching southward from the DMZ about fifty kilometers. They have the task of defending their area of responsibility that ranges from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) to the Seoul metropolitan area. They each consist of an army command and several corps commands, divisions and brigades. These armies, in order to prepare for surprise attacks and high-speed maneuver warfare launched by North Korea, deploy ROK-model tanks, a variety of firearms, TOWs and surface-to-air missiles along the major route that connects the DMZ to Seoul. (Source: First ROK Army.)


    • Combat Support Coordination Team #2 (Combined Forces Command HQ) Combat Support Coordination Team # 2 supports Combined Forces Command by providing a coordination link between SROKA and CFC to facilitate US combat, combat support and combat service support of army aviation, all-source intelligence, target acquisition, air defense, fire support coordination, logistics and communications-electronics operations. (Source: Global Security.org.) (SITE NOTE: This element NOT listed on EUSA units list.)

    • Combat Support Coordination Team #3 (3rd ROK Army (TROKA) HQ, Yong-in) Facilitates day-to-day working relationships between US and ROK units, and has elements familiar with engineer planning. Supports Combined Forces Command by providing a coordination link between TROKA and CFC to facilitate US combat, combat support and combat service support of army aviation, all-source intelligence, target acquisition, air defense, fire support coordination, logistics and communications-electronics operations. (Source: EUSA.)

      Combat Support Coordination Team 3 is located in Yongin, Republic of South Korea, HQ, 3d Republic of Korea Army (TROKA). CSCT 3 is a Combined Forces Command subordinate unit located about 65 Km south of Seoul. About 75 US, ROK and KATUSA soldiers are assigned to the team and all of them live at Yongin. The mission of CSCT 3 is to support TROKA with coordination among Combined Forces Command, United States Forces Korea, Eighth US Army and other US forces operating under or with the Third ROK Army. CSCT 3 stands proudly with TROKA providing continuous support to combined operations in the defense of the Republic of South Korea. CSCT#3 supports Combined Forces Command by providing a coordination link between TROKA and CFC to facilitate US combat, combat support and combat service support of army aviation, all-source intelligence, target acquisition, air defense, fire support coordination, logistics and communications-electronics operations. On June 1st, 1983, CSCT 3 was organized and located at the Third Republic of Korea Army (TROKA) Headquarters, Yong-in, Republic of Korea. TROKA (Third ROK Army), South Korea's largest and most diversified combat organization, is responsible for guarding the most likely potential attack routes from North Korea to Seoul of the WESTERN Corridor -- the Munsan, Ch'orwon, and Tongduch'on corridors. The 3rd ROK Army headquarters mission is to defend Kyonggi Province. The I ROK Corps defends the Munsan corridor, and the VI ROK Corps defends the Uijongbu corridor. The First Army and the Third Army occupy well-fortified positions stretching southward from the DMZ about fifty kilometers. They have the task of defending their area of responsibility that ranges from the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) to the Seoul metropolitan area. They each consist of an army command and several corps commands, divisions and brigades. These armies, in order to prepare for surprise attacks and high-speed maneuver warfare launched by North Korea, deploy ROK-model tanks, a variety of firearms, TOWs and surface-to-air missiles along the major route that connects the DMZ to Seoul. (Source: Third ROK Army.)


    • 19th Military Police BN (CID) The 19th MP Battalion (CID) supports commanders extending from the International Date Line to the Indian sub-continent by conducting Army, Joint and Combined criminal investigations of serious, sensitive or special interest matters, and criminal intelligence, logistics security, counter-drug, anti-terrorism, force protection and protective services operations in support of U.S. Forces Korea, Eighth U.S. Army, and U.S. Army Japan. (See Homepage: Ft Lewis.) (Source: EUSA.)
      • 20th MP Det - Camp Casey
      • 21st MP Det - Yongsan, Seoul
      • 78th MP Det - Taegu
      • Japan Resident Agency - Camp Zama


    • United States Armed Forces Claims Service, Korea The U.S. Armed Forces Claims Service, Korea (USAFCS-K), is located on Yongsan Garrison South Post and provides technical supervision of U.S. Army claims operations throughout Korea and Japan. It supervises the payment of claims under the Personnel Claims Act, the United States ?Republic of Korea Status of Forces Agreement, the Foreign Claims Act, and the Military Claims Act. It has single service responsibility for all claims filed under the US-ROK SOFA against the U.S. Armed Forces in Korea, and for the pursuit of all affirmative claims on behalf of the U.S. Armed Forces in Korea. (Source: EUSA.)


    • Eighth United States Army Band The Eighth United States Army Band is assigned to the Korean peninsula to provide musical support to the thousands of service members of Eighth United States Army, the United Nations Command and United States Forces Korea. The band frequently leaves its home in Seoul to travel throughout Asia, performing as musical ambassadors in support of international relations. (Source: EUSA.)


    • Eighth United States Army Noncommissioned Officers Academy To provide quality instruction and training to prospective and newly promoted Sergeants in basic leadership skills, NCO duties, responsibility and authority as per the program of instruction for the Primary Leadership Development Course; To receive, train and integrate newly assigned Republic of Korea Army soldiers to serve as Korean Augmentation Troops to the U.S. Army (KATUSA) as per the program of instruction of the KATUSA Training Academy; and to train Army and DA Civilian leaders to present quality instruction in a training session as per the program of instruction for the Total Army Instructor Training Course. (Source: EUSA.)


    • United Nations Command Security BN (EAJSA) (Panmunjon JSA; Camp Bonifas; CP Ouellette) The UNC Security Battalion- Joint Security Area is composed of both ROK and U.S. military. The unit's mission include providing security in the JSA, manning Observation Post Ouellette in the Demilitarized Zone, and running the Panmunjom tour program. The unit is also responsible for the security and civil affairs of Tae Song Dong, the only Korean village within the Demilitarized Zone. In 1991, major changes took place with the removal of the 2d Infantry Division from the DMZ patrol mission. An additional mission was added: To provide for security patrols within its area of responsibility in the DMZ. The name of Camp Kitty Hawk was changed to Camp Bonifas and Camp Liberty Bell (formerly the 2d ID camp) was annexed and named East Bonifas. The United Nations Command Security Battalion now conducts up to 12 tours per day, 6 days a week. There are an average of 150,000 visitors to the JSA and Panmunjom per year. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org.)

      ROKA element makes up roughly 60 percent of the unit while the US Army makes up the remaining 40 percent of the 550 person unit, The UNC Security Battalion- Joint Security Area is composed of both ROK and U.S. military. The unit's mission include providing security in the JSA, manning Observation Post Ouellette in the Demilitarized Zone, and running the PanMunJom tour program. The unit is also responsible for the security and civil affairs of Tae Song Dong, the only Korean village within the Demilitarized Zone. (Source: EUSA.)

      As of 2006, there were 230 US and 350 ROK soldiers. Under the LPP, Camp Bonifas and Camp Liberty Bell were turned over to the ROK in Oct 2004. Control of Observation Post Ouellette returned to ROK in 2005, the last USFK controlled area on the DMZ. The unit remains on as a UNC tenant unit.


    • US Special Operations Command (SOC-KOR) -- (Camp Kim, Yongsan) SOC-KOR is the special operations component command for USFK/CFC. SOC-KOR brings Army, Navy and Air Force special operations forces into the Korean Theater of Operations for the war fighting CinC. (Camp Kim, Yongsan) Established in 1988 as a functional component command of U.S. Forces, Korea (USFK), SOCKOR is the principal organization responsible for the integration of U.S. SOF in Korea. Its primary mission focus is simple: be ready to employ U.S. SOF and win, should war resume in Korea. Should war resume in Korea, SOCKOR will combine with the Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command to establish the Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force (CUWTF). As the special operations component of CFC, the CUWTF will plan and conduct joint and combined special operations throughout the KTO in support of CINCUNC/CFC, exercising operational control of all assigned and attached U.S. and ROK SOF. Additionally, SOCKOR will function as the Special Operations Command, UNC, integrating all third-country SOF committed to CINCUNC. When fully reinforced with U.S. forces, SOCKOR comprises the largest JSOTF in the world.


      • Echo Co, 160th SOAR (DEACTIVATED 2007) -- MH-47E helicopter (Taegu) Company E of the 160th SOAR moved to Taegu, Korea, during the summer of 2001, marking the beginning of Army special-operations aviation, or ARSOA, support in the ROK. In June 2000, Company E, 160th Aviation Battalion, 101st Airborne Division, which had originally been constituted in April 1982, was officially reactivated as Company E, 160th SOAR. Company E then spent a year preparing to move its approximately 100 soldiers, 50 civilians and a company of MH-47E Chinook helicopters to Taegu. According to Stars and Stripes on 1 Dec 2007, "Company E, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) has been de-activated and absorbed into a newly formed special operations helicopter battalion at Fort Lewis, Wash., that will be formally activated on Wednesday. The new unit, 4th Battalion, 160th SOAR, will be available for special-ops tasks throughout the Pacific, including South Korea, Col. Bart Shreve, chief of staff at Special Operations Command Korea, said Friday. Since 2001, Company E — which specialized in flying commando-style infiltration missions — had been stationed in Daegu inside a U.S. compound at K-2 Air Base, also known as Daegu Air Base. K-2 is a South Korean air force installation that shares space with commercial Daegu Airport. The new battalion will have “an orientation toward the Pacific,” Shreve said. “They would address any crisis in the Pacific, which of course includes Korea.” Company E was assigned six MH-47E Chinook heavy assault helicopters, which are Chinook variants modified for special operations. The company’s chief mission was ferrying special operations troops hundreds of miles and sneaking them into and out of combat, especially at night. Its helicopters could deliver 30 fully equipped troops on five-hour, deep-penetration, covert missions over a 345-mile radius, at night and in bad weather. Under a shroud of secrecy, the Army formed the company in 2001 at Fort Campbell, Ky., where the 160th SOAR is headquartered, for the purpose of basing it in South Korea, U.S. military officials later said. The Defense Department was spending an estimated $13 million in renovations and new construction to base Company E in South Korea, officials said in 2001. At the same time, the U.S. Air Force established the 607th Support Squadron at K-2 and gave it two main missions: providing day-to-day airfield support services to Company E, and being ready to rapidly convert K-2 Air Base to a wartime footing in case of war or other major crisis, Air Force officials said at the time. The 607th Support Squadron continues to operate at K-2. Company E had not been in its new South Korea home long when it was deployed for six months to the Philippines to take part in the war on terrorism. In February 2002, one of Company E’s helicopters crashed at sea in the southern Philippines, killing all 10 servicemembers aboard, including the unit’s first commanding officer, Maj. Curtis D. Feistner." (Source: Stars and Stripes.) (SITE NOTE: After six years, SOCOM has disbanded a special helicopter unit (Company E of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment) and sent its troops, and six MH-47E helicopters, back to Washington State (from South Korea) to become part of a new unit (4th Battalion, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment). Company E was unique because it was organized and trained for one primary mission; getting commandoes into North Korea. The new unit will still be responsible for that task, but will also support special operations throughout the Pacific. Apparently it was believed that the threat from North Korea had declined to the point where the expense of maintaining the specialized Company E in South Korea was no longer worth the expense, effort and resources.)


      • Army Special Operations Forces Liaison Element-Korea (ALE-K): -- Formerly the Special Operations Theater Support Element (SOTSE). The ALE-K is a forward deployed logistics planning and coordination element for U.S. Army Special Operations Support Command, Ft. Bragg, NC. The ALE-K ensures logistic support is planned and executed for U.S. Army Special Operations Forces deploying into the Korean Theater of Operations. The ALE-K is headquartered at Camp Coiner, Seoul. (Source: EUSA.)


      • 39th Special Forces Detachment, 1st Special Forces : -- 16-man training unit. Special Forces Detachment-Korea serves as liaison between the Korean Special Forces and the U.S. military here on the peninsula. Det-K's operations range the entire Korean peninsula and involve all branches of the U.S. and ROK military. Det-K is headquartered in Songnam, with subordinate LNOs located with each of the ROK Special Forces Brigades. Special Forces Detachment Korea — the longest serving U.S. Special Forces unit in the world — redesignated as the 39th Special Forces Detachment on 16 October 2005 in Korea. During peacetime, they teach tactics, techniques and procedures to nine South Korean units, including six brigades, one Special Mission Group, the 707th Special Mission Battalion (Counter Terrorist) and a Special Warfare Training Group.


    • Logistics Support Element Far East (DSAFE) The LSE Far East's mission is to enhance war fighting weapons system readiness in forward-based and deploying units in Korea and the Pacific Rim. The Command is headquartered at Camp Market, with subordinate Logistic Assistance Offices at: Camps Casey, Red Cloud, Henry, Humphrey's, Carroll, Long, Page, Stanley and Eagle. (Source: EUSA.)


    • Joint U.S. Military Affairs Group-Korea: -- The Joint U.S. Military Affairs Group-Korea assists Republic of Korea armed forces in management, logistics and organization. JUSMAG-K also offers guidance in the establishment of industrial and commercial agencies directly related to national defense. JUSMAG-K is headquartered in Yongsan, Seoul. (Source: EUSA.)


    • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Far East District: -- The Far East Engineer District is the Department of Defense Design and Construction Agent for Korea. The district is headquartered in Seoul with offices throughout the peninsula. During its forty years of existence in Korea, the Far East Engineer District has "Built for Peace!" (Source: EUSA.)


    • District Veterinary Command (formerly 106th and 129th Veterinary Detachment): : -- Clinics of the 129th Med Det (VM) at Yongsan and Cp Walker along with elements of the 106th Med Det (VS), provides comprehensive veterinary medical treatment for your pets throughout Korea. The 106th has clinics at Cp Red Cloud, Osan AB and Cp Hiahlea. The Yongsan Veterinary Treatment Facility serves as the medical and surgical referral center for the peninsula, though outlying facilities are equipped to handle many clinical procedures. (Source: EUSA.)



    • 8th Military Police Brigade (EAPB) -- (Yongsan) The 8th MP Brigade, headquartered in Yongsan, conducts wartime mission of area security, law and order, enemy prisoner of war and battlefield circulation control operations throughout the theater. The brigade supports the Commanders of USFK and EUSA with an uninterrupted flow of combat, combat support and combat service support resources to the combat zone. The 94th MP Bn in Yongsan commands and controls all non-divisional military police in the northern one-third of the ROK. The 728th MP Bn at Cp Henry, Taegu, commands and controls all combat support military police from Cp Humphreys south.


      • 94th Military Police BN (Yongsan)
        • 55th MP Company -- The 55th Military Police Company provides military police support to protect critical us installations and designated critical assets to ensure freedom of movement of us forces in Area I and II.
        • 142nd MP Company -- The 142nd Military Police Company provides Military Police Support to Protect Non-Combatants, Critical Movements and Assets, U.S. Installations and Forces in Area II that support the CINC USFK and CG EUSA.
        • 557th MP Company -- The 557th Military Police Company conducts Area Military Police operations, protects designated installations and critical assets and ensures the freedom of movement of friendly forces in assigned area of operation in support of USFK.
        • 249th MP Detachment -- The 249th MP Detachment conducts confinement operations to confine U.S. prisoners in the Republic of Korea, on order, expand current facility and relocate to continue confinement operations.


      • 728th Military Police BN (Camp Walker, Taegu)
        • 57th MP Company - Camp Carroll -- The 57th MP Company is headquartered on Camp Carroll in Waegwan. The 57th is responsible for Law Enforcement and Area Security in the Northern sector of the Battalion's area of operations. The 3rd MWD Detachment (Narc) and the 904th MWD Detachment (Expl) are aligned under the 57th and maintain kennels on Camp Carroll.
        • 188th MP Company - Camp Walker -- The 188th MP Company is headquartered on Camp Walker in Taegu. The 188th is responsible for Law Enforcement and Area Security in the Southwest sector of the Battalion's area of operations. The 903rd MWD Detachment (Expl) is aligned under the 188th and shares kennel facilities with the 904th at Camp Carroll.
        • 557th MP Company -- Camp Humphreys


    • 837th Transportation BN [599th TRANS Grp] (Pusan Pier 8) (NICKNAME: Kargo Kings) The 837th Transportation Battalion acts as the single U.S. point of contact to the Port Operations Group with responsibility for stow planning, staging area management, supervision of Republic of Korea Army stevedores and general vessel operations safety. In Korea, all ammunition shipments are combined operations. The 837th Transportation Battalion is the Single Port Manager and Republic of Korea Defense Transportation Command Port Operations Group is the port operator for all ammunition vessel operations. The mission of the 837th Transportation Battalion is to operate seaports and to provide surface deployment and distribution support to U.S. Forces in the Republic of Korea; to plan, train, and deploy Deployment and Distribution Support Teams in support of worldwide exercises and contingencies; to participate in contingency planning with all services in Korea in preparation for providing wartime surface deployment and distribution support to the supported combatant commanders in the area of responsibility; to provide for the reception and command and control of mobilized Reserve units and Individual Mobilization Augmentees. The closure of Camp Hileah necessitated the relocation of the 837th Transportation Battalion’s headquarters to Camp Henry in Daegu, but the unit’s operations and cargo distribution missions remain at Pier 8.

      The 837th Transportation Battalion (Terminal), manages the U.S. military's seagoing cargo moving in and out of peninsula ports as well as the ship-delivered merchandise bound for the peninsula's U.S. military commissaries and exchanges. Its personnel at Pier 8 in Busan harbor ensure the cargo clears customs and that contracted stevedores work pierside to load or unload it. Formerly headquartered at Pier 8, with soldiers living at Camp Hialeah in Busan, the battalion's headquarters element moved to Camp Henry in Daegu in May 2006, after the Army closed Camp Hialeah. Although its headquarters now is at Camp Henry, other battalion employees continue to operate out of Pier 8, booking cargo shipments and otherwise handling the unit's business, Calisto said. Of the battalion's 48 personnel, 31 are South Korean nationals who typically have 18 to 20 years with the unit, Calisto said. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)


    • Korean Service Corps (KSC) The Korean Service Corps is a paramilitary group that provides the U.S. 8th Army logistical support during peacetime. But in wartime, the group would draw on its reserves and fan across the peninsula to help build infrastructure, maintain weapons supplies and transport supplies for American troops. Service corps units would be attached to existing 8th Army units — such as the 2nd Infantry Division or the 18th Medical Command — to provide assistance, a unique relationship between the Army and another nation. During war, the corps’ companies would grow from 15 to more than 200. (Source: Stars and Stripes, 20 Oct 2005)

      The Corps was formed July 26, 1950 by presidential decree. The Korean president agreed to provide a noncombatant labor force to assist the UNC and US forces in any fight against North Korea. Originally named the Civilian Transportation Corps, its main mission was transporting ammunition and other supplies forward, while evacuating the dead and wounded to the rear. During the Korean war, KSCs were also affectionately known as the A-Frame army because most of the supplies and wounded were carried on the backs of these workers. The KSC battalion has 15 companies with over 2,000 personnel located throughout the peninsula having the same pay grades and benefits as all other Korean National employees. On a daily basis, within the 15 KSC companies, some are assigned to units throughout the peninsula and perform missions for those specific commanders and units. Additionally, other KSCs work on Mobile Labor Forces and are at the disposal of the 8th Army commander to perform any planned or unplanned missions requiring manpower. The KSCs are a multi-talented group who work in offices throughout Korea and perform daily missions for the Department of Public Works. They assist with missions at various companies, platoons and squads, training on such battle tasks as airdrop packing, rail loading, engineer bridge construction, and hot refuel operations, to name a few. (Source: Rock Steady, Apr 2004.)

      KSC Headquarters is at Camp Kim, Yongsan. They also handle NBC decontamination at unit levels with eight “Falcon Decontamination Teams” in Areas II, III and IV. The KSC picked up the missions which were previously conducted by 23rd Chemical Battalion, formerly headquartered at Camp Carroll. The battalion has since disbanded and dispersed with the ROK Army taking over the decontamination mission. (Source:       Morning Calm.)

      After nearly five years of negotiations between the USFK and ROK government, the first Heavy Equipment Transporter (HET) demonstration was conducted by the 7th Korean Service Corps HET Company Nov. 28 at Camp Casey. In February 2006, officials from the MOCT were shown a demonstration to measure the weight of a HET loaded with a tank versus that of a vehicle towing a tank -- the method approved by the ROK. The test showed that it was actually safer to transport a tank on a HET than towing one. (Source: 2dID site: PA Article, 15 Dec 2006.)




  • 35 Air Defense Artillery Brigade -- Patriot PAC-3 On order, 35th ADA deploys to a designated theater of operation and protects critical assets to ensure the CINC's freedom of action. When directed, re-deploy as needed to support offensive operations. Korea is the "on order" mission of 35th Brigade. The 35th ADA was tasked to deploy to South Korea to support execution of OPLAN 5027. But the movement of the Brigade to South Korea in late 2004 did not indicate that execution of this OPLAN was imminent. Kwangju. A battery is composed of eight launchers of PAC-2 and PAC-3 missiles, each having 4 and 16 interceptors, respectively. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org.) (SITE NOTE: The ROK has withdrawn its support of OPLAN 5027 Theater Warfare because of the provisions for "taking the fight North" -- meaning the invasion of North Korea once the attack has been rebuffed. The Roh administration refuses to use the term "main enemy" to describe the North and has undertaken a path of rapproachment that conflicts with the USFK and ROK military defense planning.)

    The 35 ADA BDE is a U.S. Army Patriot and Avenger unit responsible for air defense of the Korean Peninsula. 35th ADA BDE units operate 24/7-365 to protect critical assets from Tactical Ballistic Missiles (TBMs), Air Breathing Target (ABTs) and to support other tasked operations. The 35th also remains ready to deploy anywhere to protect critical assets. The 35th ADA commander reports to the 8th Army Commander and supports U.S. Forces Korea operations.

    The 35th ADA Brigade is comprised of a Headquarters Battery at Osan AB, Korea, and two battalions -- 1st Battalion, 43d ADA headquartered at Suwon AB, ROK and 2nd Battalion, 1st ADA headquartered at Camp Carroll, ROK. Staff Directorates are located at Brigade HQ on Osan AB.

    Unit Rotations: Every 6 months, 4 batteries rotate into Korea from Ft Bliss, TX and 4 batteries (2 from the 1-43 Battalion and 2 from 2-1 Battalion) leave Korea and head back to Ft Bliss. This simultaneous change-over is done without disruption of defensive coverage. The 35th ADA Commander strives to make these rotations the most productive that soldiers experience in their entire Army careers.

    By the end of 2004, the 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (PATRIOT) became fully operational on the Korean peninsula. The Army deployed the brigade, which had been stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, to South Korea. Its new headquarters was at Osan Air Base. The Army Patriot missile brigade deploying from the United States to South Korea began moving into its newly built headquarters in October 2004. The brigade marked completing its deployment to South Korea with a formal ceremony sometime in December 2004. By then, the brigade numbered about 1,200 soldiers and maintained eight firing batteries at four air bases: Osan, Suwon, Kunsan and Kwangju. A battery is composed of eight launchers of PAC-2 and PAC-3 missiles, each having 4 and 16 interceptors, respectively. (Source: EUSA: 35ada.)

    BACKGROUND: As of 1998, the U.S. had six Patriot batteries deployed in South Korea. The batteries were organized under the 1st Battalion (Patriot) 43rd Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Unit, the only Patriot battalion on the Korean peninsula. In October 1994, the 2nd Battalion 7th Air Defense Artillery unit (2-7 ADA) was replaced by the 1-43 ADA, which had been rushed to Korea in March 1994 in response to the crisis that followed North Korea's blocking of IAEA inspections and intention to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The mission of the 1-43 ADA is "the Tactical Ballistic Missile Defense of the peninsula."

    In 1998, the six Patriot batteries were deployed at Suwon Air Base (Alpha and Bravo Batteries), Osan Air Base (Charlie and Delta Batteries), and Kunsan Air Base (Echo and Foxtrot Batteries). By 2005, the 1-43 ADA has been reduced to four Patriot batteries: A, B, C, and D. In anticipation of new missile defense systems, the U.S. Army is reorganizing the ADA units into composite AMD or MAMD (Maneuver Air and Missile Defense) battalions consisting of Patriot, Avenger and Sentinel systems; or Patriot pure battalions. (Source: Nukestrat.com.)

    Offensive-Defensive Battle Planning The U.S. military expects North Korea to employ Scud missiles in a crisis and view the Patriot batteries as the most effective means to counter the threat. Planning for defensive and offensive operations are closely intertwined, and there is an extremely short warning time that faces any decision making process in response to or preparation for a North Korean missile attack:

    "A TBM launched from the SCUD belt will impact OSAN in only [deleted]. It takes between [deleted] to detect the TBM and to diseminate [sic] the warning. This only leaves [deleted] to take advantage of the warning. Saving seconds in important." The briefing outlines three scenarios for how North Korea may choose to launch its missiles. Each of these scenarios demands different targeting strategies: (1) launch exclusively from underground facilities; (2) disperse launchers in the field; or (3) use a combination of the two. Of these three, the third is described as "the most likely."
    For North Korea to hide the Scuds in underground facilities and essentially roll them out only to launch could be seen as the strategy that would most complicate U.S. targeting because of the brief warning time. However, the US military concludes that such an employment "makes the targeting process easier for us since they remain at known locations."

    Once deployed in the field, by contrast, the launchers are vulnerable only if they have been found. This may sound obvious, but the point is to emphasize that this is one of the most critical stages in the targeting process. Dispersion "complicates our targeting solution greatly," the briefing underscores and adds: "Despite advances in our weapon systems, the launcher remains the most difficult target to hit." Targeting the storage facilities or logistics is much simpler.

    Once the North Korean mobile launchers stop and begin preparation to launch their missiles, their vulnerability increases greatly. But even at this stage targeting is by no means assured. "Although [launchers are] vulnerable during setup, we do not know where to look until the launch occurs," the briefing states. "At that point, it is to [sic] late to strike since the [launcher] will be gone from the area within two minutes" after the missile is fired. "Launch points, detected by any means," the briefing concludes, "are not targets" because the "ability of a [launcher] to hide after launch is far too rapid."

    In a crisis on the Korean peninsula, U.S. forces would not be "Scud hunting" for individual launchers to destroy, but would instead concentrate on having "the greatest war-fighting impact, and that is to destroy the TMD [theater missile defense] infrastructure." ("Preemptive Posturing," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 2002.)

    PAC 3 Deployment in Korea: The PAC-3 deployment to Korea was completed in September 2003. The Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) system was part of an $11 billion plan to enhance US defenses in the ROK. The Kunsan batteries are now manned on 90 day-rotation from Camp Carroll. The 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade became fully operational on the Korean peninsula by the end of 2004. The Army deployed the brigade, which had been stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, to South Korea. Its new headquarters at Osan Air Base, 48 miles south of Korea's Demilitarized Zone. The Army Patriot missile brigade deploying from the United States to South Korea began moving into its newly built headquarters in October 2004. The brigade marked completing its deployment to South Korea with a formal ceremony sometime in December 2004. By then, the brigade numbered about 1,200 soldiers and maintain eight firing batteries at four air bases: Osan, Suwon, and Kunsan. A battery is composed of eight launchers of PAC-2 and PAC-3 missiles, each having 4 and 16 interceptors, respectively. In September 2003 it was announced that 1-43 Air Defense Artillery Battalion (Patriot) had received new equipment to improve its current capability from the Patriot Advanced Capability-2 (PAC-2) to the Patriot Advanced Capability –3 (PAC-3) as a part of the Army’s transformation and modernization program in support of the Theater Missile Defense Plan. The upgraded Patriot System will bring enhanced defensive capabilities to the peninsula as well as contribute to the overall deterrence US forces bring to the alliance. The PAC-3 provides for the enhanced defenses for Republic of Korea and U.S. forces and facilities. All Patriot missiles in ROK upgraded to PAC-3 in Sep 2003. (Source: Spacewar.com and Stars and Stripes.) (NOTE: The ROK still has not obtained any TMD system. It has attempted to buy used PAC-2 missiles from Germany, but as of 2007 was still squabbling over the price. (See Spacewar.com.) The USFK Commander has "reminded" the ROK again in 2007 that it needs to procure its own TMD system with its assumption of wartime control in 2012.)

    MISSILE The Patriot missile is equipped with a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the mobile Engagement Control Centre. The target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the Engagement Control Station for final course correction calculations. The course correction commands are transmitted to the missile via the Missile Track Command Uplink. The high explosive 90 kg warhead is situated behind the terminal guidance section. The range of the missile is 70 km and maximum altitude is greater than 24 km. The minimum flight time is the time to arm the missile, which is less than nine seconds, and the maximum flight time is less than three and a half minutes.


    Patriot


    PATRIOT ADVANCED CAPABILITY (PAC-3) Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) is a high/medium advanced surface-to-air guided missile air defense system. PAC-3 is a major upgrade to the Patriot system. The PAC-3 Operational Requirements Document (ORD) represents the Army Air Defense need to buy back required battlespace lost against the current and evolving tactical missile and air breathing threat. PAC-3 is needed to ounter/defeat/destroy the 2008 threat and to extend Patriot's capabilities to accomplish new/revised missions. In tandem with the upgraded radar and ground control station, PAC-3 interceptors can protect an area about seven times greater than the original Patriot system. PAC-3 is a much more capable derivative of the PAC-2/GEM system in terms of both coverage and lethality. The PAC-3 has a new interceptor missile with a different kill mechanism--rather than having an exploding warhead, it is a hit-to-kill system. The PAC-3 missile is a smaller and highly efficient missile. The canister is approximately the same size as a PAC-2 canister but contains four missiles and tubes instead of a single round. Selected Patriot launching stations will be modified to accept PAC-3 canisters. PATRIOT battalions with PAC-3 fire units were employed in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) against TBMs. There were three instances of erroneous engagements between PATRIOT batteries and friendly aircraft. System performance against TBMs appears to have been highly effective and consistent with expectations documented in DOT&E’s beyond low-rate initial production report submitted to Congress in October 2002. PATRIOT performance during OIF is detailed in the classified FY03 BMDS annual report. (NOTE: All ADA units in Korea were converted to PAC-3 in Sep 2003.) (SEE Missiles and Fire Control (latest news on PAC-3) and Global Security.org: PAC-3 and FAS: PAC-3.)

    M901 LAUNCHING STATION The M901 Launching Station transports, points and launches the Patriot missile. Each launcher has four missiles. The launcher is remotely operated via a VHF or fibre optic data link from the Engagement Control Station, which provides both the missile prelaunch data and the fire command signal.

    ENGAGEMENT CONTROL STATION The AN/MSQ-104 Engagement Control Station is the only manned station in a Patriot Fire Unit. The Control Station communicates with the M901 Launching Stations, with other Patriot batteries and the higher command headquarters. The Control Station is manned by three operators, who have two consoles and a communications station with three radio relay terminals. The digital Weapon Control Computer is located next to the VHF Data Link Terminals.

    RADAR The AN//MPQ-53 phased array radar carries out search, target detection, track and identification, missile tracking and guidance and electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) functions. The radar is mounted on a trailer and is automatically controlled by the digital weapons control computer in the Engagement Control Station, via a cable link. The radar system has a range of up to 100 km, capacity to track up to 100 targets and can provide missile guidance data for up to nine missiles. (See Wikipedia: Patriot for further information.)


    • 1st BN, 44th ADA Rgt -- 16 Patriot PAC-3 (Camp Carroll) -- Redesignated on 16 January 1996 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery, the battalion was concurrently assigned to the 4th Infantry Division and activated at Fort Hood, TX. A Battery, 1st Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Regiment had the only Linebacker-equipped platoons in the Army, and the Stinger platoon was replaced by a six-system Avenger platoon.

      1st Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery moved to Camp Carroll, South Korea from Fort Bliss in El Paso, Texas, for a one-year tour to be part of the U.S. Army’s 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade in Oct 2007. The newly-arrived battalion replaced the brigade’s 2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery, which moved to Fort Hood, Texas, to refit and then resume its place on the Army’s Patriot unit rotation schedule. The brigade’s 1st Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery, was the first Army Patriot battalion to deploy overseas in full battalion strength, a move it made earlier this year. It is headquartered at Suwon Air Base. The brigade’s firing batteries are at Suwon, Osan, Camp Carroll and Kunsan Air Base. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)
      • HHB Battery -- Camp Carroll (Eagles)
      • A Battery (Patriot) -- Camp Carroll (Apache)
      • B Battery (Patriot) -- Camp Carroll (Bulldogs)
      • C Battery (Patriot) -- Camp Carroll (Combat)
      • D Battery (Patriot) -- Camp Carroll (Dragons)
      • One Patriot Battery serving Gunsan AB, ROK on a rotational basis.
      • 178th Maintenance Co. (Echo Maintenance Co. Renegades) (See Echo Co. Newsletter.)


    • 1st BN, 7th ADA Rgt -- 48 Patriot PAC-3. (Suwon, Kunsan, Osan) On 21 December 1998 Headquarters U.S. Army Europe announced plans to realign its air defense artillery units to comply with the Army's Patriot Standardization Plan. As a result of the plan, USAREUR realigned its three Patriot missile battalions with their twelve missile batteries, two maintenance companies and one maintenance team into two battalions with five batteries and one maintenance company each. The 1-7 ADA Battalion, with its Headquarters and Headquarters Battery and B and C Batteries moved from Rhine Ordnance Barracks, Kaiserslautern, Germany, to Ft. Bliss, TX. Stationed at Fort Bliss as part of the 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade.

      In June 2005, 300 soldiers from the 1-7 ADA deployed for a one-year tour to Korea with the 35th ADA Bde as part of a troop replacement swap. (Source: Ft. Bliss News.)

      In May 2007, the 1-7ADA replaced the 1-43 ADA, which had been in Korea since 1998 and was returning to Ft. Bliss. Unit started arriving at Suwon AB on 17 May 2007. The battalion has about 660 soldiers. The battalion is switching places with the 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery, which has begun returning to Fort Bliss after 13 years in South Korea. (NOTE: Under the new ADA concept started in 2006, all 1-43 ADA equipment remains in place, while the entire 1-7 ADA personnel are transitioned in to promote continuity in leadership and cohesiveness in training.) Change of command ceremonies were held on 15 Jun 2007. (Source: Stars and Stripes.) In replacing it, the 1-7 ADA is the first Army battalion to deploy overseas in full battalion strength, under a new method of deploying units overseas, Army officials have said. In the case of the Army Patriot missile units, for example, previous rotations were at the smaller, battery size.

      Every 6 months, 2 batteries from the rotate into Korea from Ft Bliss, TX and 2 batteries from 1-7 Battalion leave Korea and head back to Ft Bliss. This simultaneous change-over is done without disruption of defensive coverage. On 15 Jun 2007, the 1-43ADA cased its colors and turned over command to the 1-7ADA. Under the switch, troops change places but the missiles and other inventory stay in place. Each of the two battalions has about 660 soldiers. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)



      AVENGER: The Avenger Pedestal Mounted Stinger system is a lightweight, mobile and transportable surface-to-air missile and gun weapon system, mounted on a Heavy High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). Avenger is designed to counter hostile cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and low-flying, high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters attacking or transiting friendly airspace. The Avenger, manufactured by Boeing in Huntsville, is a shoot-on-the-move, totally automated, day-and-night capable short-range air defense system. A key element of the Army’s Forward Area Air Defense System, Avenger was deployed during Operation Desert Storm and in currently deployed in the Balkans. Avenger fills the Line of Sight-Rear (LOS-R) portion of the Forward Area Air Defense System (FAADS). It has a two man crew and can operate in day or night, clear or adverse weather conditions. The system incorporates an operator's position with displays, fire control electronics, and the Standard Vehicle Mounted Launcher (SVML). The SVML supports and launches multiple (8) Stinger missiles (Basic Stinger, Stinger-POST (Passive Optical Seeker Technique), or Stinger-RMP (Reprogrammable MicroProcessor). Additionally, the SVML incorporates a .50 caliber machine gun and necessary fire control sensors for both weapons. The contribution this highly mobile, short range air defense system makes to the Army's full-dimensional protection enhances the ground components prospects for dominant maneuver by preserving key elements of the force. (Source: FAS.)


      • HHB -- Suwon AB
      • Alpha Battery (Patriot) -- Suwon AB
      • Bravo Battery (Patriot) -- Suwon AB
      • Foxtrot Battery (Avenger) -- Suwon AB
      • Charlie Battery (Patriot) - Osan AB
      • Delta Battery (Patriot) - Osan AB
      • Echo Battery, 5th BN, 5th ADA (Avenger) -- Camp Casey (See 2d ID) (On 5 May 2006, a training exercise was reported for Echo Battery, 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 35th ADA Brigade, an Avenger battery stationed at Camp Casey with 24 avenger teams. (Morning Calm 5 May 2006).)
      • 51st Maintenance Co



  • 2nd Infantry Division (EAID) "Indianhead" -- (Camp Red Cloud, Uijongbu) The 2ID is the major U.S. ground combat unit in Korea. The Division's headquarters is located at Camp Red Cloud, Uijongbu, and its primary mission is to deter war on the Korean peninsula by maintaining a high state of combat readiness and vigilance. 2ID units "SECOND TO NONE" stand shoulder-to-shoulder with first-echelon Korean units immediately south of the DMZ. The 2d ID completed a transformation process in 2005 that included redeploying a brigade of several thousand troops, first to Iraq and then to the United States. Its remaining forces are being consolidated at bases in the South Korean cities of Uijeongbu (Camp Red Cloud) and Dongducheon (Camp Stanley). The number of AH-64 attack helicopters has thinned from 70 to 50, and the number of UH-60s and other transport choppers from 200 to 70. the number of MA-1A Abrams tanks decreased from 140 to 120, and the number of Bradley M2A3 Infantry / M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicles from 180 to 100. Stinger missile teams have been reduced from 36 to 25 -- but these Avenger Pedestal-Mounted Stinger vehicle units have been around for twenty years and will be eventually shipped stateside anyway and reconverted into new missile systems under the Air Defense Artillery.(Source: Army: 2d Infantry Division Web Site .)

    There are approximately 15,000 soldiers in the 2nd Infantry Division. The 2nd Infantry Division, unlike any other division in the Army, is made up partially of Korean soldiers, called KATUSAs (Korean Augmentation to US Army). This program began in 1950 by agreement with South Korean President Syngman Rhee. Some 27,000 KATUSAs served with the US forces at the end of the Korean War. As of May 2006, approximately 1,100 KATUSA Soldiers serve with 2ID. (Wikipedia: 2ID.)


    • Division Special Troops Battalion
      • HQ 2d ID;
      • Warrior Readiness Center:
      • 2d Inf Division Band


    • Delta Battery, 5th BN, 5th Air Defense Artillery (Aligned under 1st BN, 43rd ADA Rgt, 35th ADA Bde) -- Avenger - Bradley Stinger (HHB; Camp Stanley, ROK (NOTE: Orbat states "5-5 ADA Camp Stanley, Uijongbu, MIM-23B Hawk or PAC-2/3 Patriot?" Source: unknown) (NOTE: Batteries may have been redesignated with realignment under 1st BN, 43rd ADA. On 5 May 2006, a training exercise was reported for Echo Battery, 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 35th ADA Brigade, an Avenger battery stationed at Camp Casey with 24 avenger teams. (Morning Calm 5 May 2006).)

      A/B/C Batteries are Stinger missile teams. These have been reduced from 36 to 25. Battery D is a Avenger Pedestal-Mounted Stinger vehicle unit. The Stinger has been around for twenty years and will be eventually shipped stateside anyway and reconverted into new missile systems under the Air Defense Artillery. The soldiers of the 5th Battalion, 5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment use JTIDS to communicate with the Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft flying missions out of Osan Air Force Base in South Korea. These Army FAAD units use the JTIDS radio to receive information and air tracks from sensors onboard AWACS aircraft. During an actual conflict, AWACS would transmit tracks of incoming airborne targets via JTIDS to the FAAD C2 units for engagement with ground-based air defense weapons.

      In 2005, 5th ADA Regiment, 5th Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division prepared to leave its base at Camp Sears, for Fort Lewis, Wash., later in 2005 with 150 personnel and 12 Avenger ADA units. (Camp Sears closed in 2005.)

      Battery D, which includes 24 Avengers and Sentinel radar units, was to stay in South Korea. Soldiers from the unit were to continue to live and train beside 2nd ID soldiers at Camp Casey. But they joined the 1st Battalion, 43rd ADA Regiment, 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. By 16 Oct 2005, the 1-43 had transformed into an Air and Missile Defense (composite) Battalion and operate Avenger and Patriot missiles. Around the same time, the Fort Bliss, Texas-based 1st Battalion, 44th ADA Regiment also transformed into the composite battalion. In May 2007, the 1-43 ADA returned to Ft. Bliss and was replaced by the 1-7 ADA under the 35th ADA Bde.


    • 122d Signal BN ("Voice of the Warrior") (Camp Red Cloud) The 122d Signal Battalion installs, operates, maintains the Command and Control Communications systems for the 2nd Infantry Division, and manages the maintenance for the Division's Communications security equipment. Company C, 122d Signal Battalion, is located at Camp Red Cloud, Korea, and is the Signal Support Company that consists of the Headquarters Platoon, Division Mobile Retransmission Teams, Five Multi-Channel TACSAT Systems, the Large Extension that supports the Division Rear Command Post, Battalion Cable Team and Casey 39, 2d Infantry Division's only fixed station retransmission site that supports the entire Division, CINC-USFK and Joint Security Area (JSA). It supports the 2d Infantry Division in MSE, FM and the long haul communications.


  • 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team (BCT), 2nd Infantry Division ("Iron Brigade") (Camp Casey, Tongduchon-Ni) 1HBCT trains and maintains to always be ready to "fight tonight" to deter aggression on the Korean peninsula and if deterrence fails, to defeat any aggressor against the ROK-US alliance. (Source: 2d ID: 1hbct)

    The BCT strategy is part of a larger plan from the Army's office of programs (G-8) that applies to the fielding of equipment under the modularity effort, the service initiative to transform from a division-based force to one that is brigade-based. Current plans call for those units to be equipped according to a Fleet Management Strategy first crafted in June 2005 and undergoing continual revision. The strategy includes three key elements -- modularity, which is governed by the Army Campaign Plan; sustainment; and modernization. The service will fund the purchase of the most digitally capable Abrams tanks -- the M1A2 System Enhancement Package -- along with the digitized Bradley Fighting Vehicle -- the M2A3. The Army sustains three varieties of both heavy combat vehicles. In addition to the M1A2 SEP, the service also maintains the M1A1, the oldest of the currently fielded Abrams tanks, Hollingsworth said. The Army later fielded an upgrade called the M1A1 Integrated Management Program tank (which the 2ID is equipped with). (Source: Military.com.)

    Brigade combat teams will be restructured into Brigade Units of Action. Once transitioned, BUAs will enable greater capacity for rapid packaging and responsive and sustained employment to support combatant commanders. BUAs will also enhance the expeditionary and campaign qualities of Army forces by better enabling Joint/coalition operations. The transition to BUAs will also increase the brigade-equivalent forces available to meet both enduring and emerging mission requirements. (Source: Global Security.)

    First field training exercise (FTX) as a unit was in June 2005 to test the integration of the new structure. Unit evolving with new weapons. Funding for upgrades to new equipment were to take place in 2007 according to Military.com.

    TRADITION: Formed almost thirty years ago, 1st Brigade is a relatively young unit. Its organic battalions have a rich past. 1st Brigade became an armor brigade on 16 October 1978 when the 2nd Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment rejoined 1st Battalion, replacing 31st Infantry Regiment (Mechanized). The 1/31st Inf. (M) lived on the DMZ at Camp Greaves from 1971 – 1975, and Camp Stanley from 1975-1978. They were called "Bearcats", "DMZ Police" and "Imjin Scouts". On 16 August 1992, the Brigade became a Triple Threat Heavy-Light Force when the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment was assigned to the Brigade. On 1 January 1994, the 1st Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment replaced 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment to make the iron brigade a Triple-Threat Heavy Force. Here is a history of their involvement in the shaping of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division, hailed as the "Iron Brigade."

    The 2-9th Infantry "Manchu" were the first element of the Indianhead Division to touch Korean soil when they arrived at the Korean port city of Pusan on 31 July 1950. The Manchus were immediately placed on line in defense of the Pusan Perimeter and received their baptism by fire in the battle of the Nakton Bulge. The regiment took massive casualties throughout 1950 and 1951 before regrouping and playing leading roles in the attacks on Heartbreak Ridge, Old Baldy, and Pork Chop Hill, helping to break the back of the Chinese Offensive. To signify the ferocity with which the Manchus fought, we add Baem Soul, Korean snake liquor.

    On June 25th, 1950, North Korea launched a massive surprise attack against our allied in the South. Garryowen soon found itself in a desperate fight against the communist human waves in the Pusan Perimeter. The 4-7th regiment was instrumental in turning the tide of the war and distinguished itself throughout the next three years, including a 116 mile advance into North Korea. In honor of Garryowen''s sacrifices in the frozen hell that was Korea against massed and savage red hordes, we now add the flame-inducing liquor, tequila.

    "1st Tank" 1-72nd"s actions during the Korean conflict at places such as Heartbreak Ridge, Old Baldy and the Punchbowl heralded its tradition. Three presidential unit citations grace its colors for performances at Hong''chon, Yongsan, and Kapyong. 1-72''s actions during the defense of the Naktong River Line added two Korean Presidential Unit citations and a streamer for superior performance. The battalion''s battle credits include the U.N. defenses, the first U.N. counter-offensive, the Summer-Fall of 1952, the Third Korean Winter and the Korean Summer of 1953. We add the old stalwart, scotch whiskey, to mark 1st Tank''s unwavering defense of U.N.''s lines.

    In October 1950, while MacArthur landed at Inchon, 2-72 led the breakout from the Pusan perimeter, driving the enemy north. It distinguished itself at the battles of Hong''chon, Yongsan and Kapyong, earning four distinguished unit citations. After bloody retrograde battles, 2-72 fought to a stalemate with the Chinese Army. Names such as Punch Bowl, Old Baldy, and Heartbreak Ridge still echo in its turrets. We add red wine to commemorate the blood spilled by 2-72 fighting for freedom on the Korean Peninsula. 1-15 Field Artillery landed at Pusan and fired the first artillery round in support of 2ID in August 1950. The artillerymen of the 15th Field artillery helped stem the tide against the Chinese that were threatening the Division. In the Bloody Ridge Campaign of August 1951, the Unit set a new record for light battalions, firing 14,425 rounds in a 24 hour period. We add Korean Soju to signify the intensity of their fires.

    During the Korean conflict the 2-ENG battalion built upon its proud tradition of selfless service by helping to restore peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula. The 2d Engineers supported the 2d Infantry Division during its initial landing in Pusan and through its spearhead drive north to the Yalu River. The battalion fought as the division''s rear guart at Kunu-ri on November 30th, 1950 and was overrun and all but destroyed. The battalion commander ordered the colors be burned to prevent their capture by Chinese Communist Forces. The battalion was reconstituted and fought the remainder of the conflict with distinction, earning a total of ten campaign streamers. We now add Korean beer to the punch to commemorate the great sacrifices made by the battalion during the Korean Conflict and to signify the great contributions made by the battalion in maintaining peace on Freedom''s Frontier.

    On July 10th, 1950, the 302nd battalion was alerted for immediate shipment to the Far East Command. Platoons of the Ambulance and Clearing Companies were attached to the three Infantry Regiments in the 2d Infantry Division. The battalion participated in the Korean Conflict from 1950 through the early part of 1954. To commemorate the unit''s integral support to our nation''s blood conflict, we add Jack Daniels Bourbon.

    The 1st BDE "Iron Brigade" stayed true to its legacy of ferocity as it distinguished itself throughout the Korean War, participating in campaigns beginning with the UN Defensive, through the campaign of the Korean Summer, 1953, For its actions in defense of freedom, the Brigade was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and two Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations. To signify its impressive history which began with the Aisne Campaign in France during WWI, we add Champagne to the grog bowl. (Source: 2d ID: 1hbct.)
    • Task Force, 1st BN, 72nd Armor Rgt ("Crusaders") -- 58 - M1A1 MBT (Dragon Valley, Camp Casey) On Order TF 1-72 transitions to war; Secures a designated AO;On order executes offensive operations to destroy any enemy that threatens the US-ROK alliance. (Source: 2d ID: Task Force, 1-72 Armor Rgt.)

      M1A1/M1A2 Main Battle Tank: The M1 has a very angular appearance, reflecting the modular nature of its armor components, with the turret mounted centrally on the hull. The M1 has a crew of four. The driver sits centered in the hull and forward of the turret, while the loader, gunner and tank commander occupy the turret, with the loader situated to the left of the main gun and the gunner and tank commander sitting in tandem on the right side. The driver's hatch has three periscope vision blocks which provide for forward vision. The center vision block may be removed and replaced with an AN/TVS-2 low-light periscope. The engine is mounted in the rear of the vehicle with the exhaust coming out from a louvered grill centrally mounted in the rear of the hull. The M1 utilizes a torsion bar suspension with seven pairs of cast aluminum road wheels and two return rollers. The drive sprocket is to the rear, an idler compensation wheel is located forward, and there is a gap between the first and second pair of road wheels. The M1 has armored skirts running the full length of the track. M1 track is made up of vulcanized rubber blocks (M156 variety) or removable rubber pads (M158.) The turret is also angular in appearance, with the main gun mounted in an exposed mantlet in the center of the turret face. The M68 rifled cannon is equipped with a metal thermal shroud, a bore gas evacuator located two-thirds of the way down on the barrel, and is equipped with a Muzzle Reference System collimator on the muzzle itself. The M240 coaxial (COAX) machine gun is located to the right of the main gun, with the flash tube extending through the main gun mantlet. The Gunner's Auxiliary Sight (GAS) aperture is located below the COAX flash tube on the right side of the main gun. The M1 has two turret access hatches, mounted side by side, in the middle of the turret roof. The loader's hatch, located on the left side, is equipped with a pintle mounted M240 7.62mm machine gun. The hatch itself is equipped with a single vision periscope on a rotating base. When not in use, the drivers AN/TVS-2 sight may be used in the loader's hatch vision block. The tank commander's hatch is ringed by vision periscopes and the Commander's Weapon Station cupola is equipped with an M2 HB caliber .50 machine gun. The M2 may be fired while the commander is "buttoned up" but the commander must be exposed to reload the weapon. The CWS can be reconfigured to fire an M240 as a replacement weapon. The Gunner's Primary Sight (GPS) is located forward of the commander's cupola. The GPS is housed in an armored box with hinged doors shielding the optics when not in use. The GPS is divided into two halves; a clear glass window for normal daylight viewing and an IR transparent Germanium coated window for the thermal imaging sight. The Laser Range Finder (LRF) is fired through the daylight window. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: M1A1.)



      M1A2


      1-72 received upgraded M1-A1 tanks (M1A1 Integrated Management Program) in June 2004. The tanks have embedded diagnostic systems that can tell maintenance crews the causes of any problems that develop. The systems cut more than two hours from the time it took merely to set up the old diagnostic equipment. The new tanks are also equipped with high-tech "Eyesafe" laser sights. The new tanks are powered by the same 1500-horsepower jet engines in the old models and in Iroquois (Huey) helicopters. But the engines, which use aviation fuel, are expected to last longer in the new tanks because digital systems slowly warm them up and cool them down to prevent damage during start-up and shut down. Electronics incorporated in the tanks will make working with them much different from working with the old models. The driving techniques are the same but it's easier for the tank commander, who has a computer display showing where his tank is and where the rest of the platoon is.

      Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade. (Source: Wikipedia: 2d ID) (NOTE: ROK Army equipped with K-1 and K1-A1 tanks that do not have electronics upgrade packages. In real-time battles, communications may pose a problem with interfacing US with ROK tanks. The strategies for tank employment are different. With the USFK falling into a "support role" for the ROK starting in 2012, both the ROK and USFK are attempting to resolve the 4CSI issues and resultant information flow problems. In Apr 2007, the ROK conducted a Corps-scale FTX that highlighted these problem areas as it tested its capabilities without USFK support just prior to Foal Eagle-07/RSOI-07.)

      • Headquarters Company "Headhunters"
      • Alpha Company - "Aces"
      • Bravo Company - "Black Knights"
      • Charlie Company - "Cobras"
      • Delta Company - "Demons"

    • 2nd BN, 9th Infantry Rgt (MECH) ("Manchus") -- 58 - M2A3 BFV (Camp Casey) The 9th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division (Light), was re-flagged on 24 August 1995, and became the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light). As a result of that re-flagging action, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, and the 3rd Battalion of the 9h Infantry Regiment (Manchu) were inactivated. The 1st and 2nd Battalions, 9th Infantry Regiment (Manchu), exchanged Colors and missions with 1st Battalion 5th Infantry, and 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry, respectively. Today, those two remaining active duty Manchu battalions are once again assigned to the Korean peninsula, and as integral parts of the famed Second (Indianhead) Infantry Division. As they have done throughout their history, they stand ready to respond to any global crisis in support of the United States’‘ vital interests, and to KEEP UP THE FIRE! (Source: 2d ID: 2-9 Inf.)

      M2A3/M3A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle: The M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS) are improved versions of the M2A2 and M3A2 BFVS. The BFVS-A3 includes enhancements intended to improve lethality, mobility, survivability, and sustainability. Additionally, these enhancements are intended to provide increased situational awareness and digital command and control capabilities necessary to provide information superiority to the dominant maneuver force. The Bradley Fighting vehicle and the Abrams Tank are the two central components of the dominant maneuver digital force. The Bradley M2/M3A3 upgrade provides digital command and control enhancements that will permit that vehicle to operate as a part of the Army's emerging concept of a "digital battlefield." Among the enhancements that make up the upgrade are the addition of several computer displays (e.g., the Commander's Tactical Display) that will enhance the crew's situational awareness and facilitate the transmittal and review of information between the platoon, company and higher echelon levels. The Bradley M2/M3A3 update program represents a major operational improvement over the A2 variants. The new system implements digital Command and Control (C2), advanced 2nd Gen FLIR, and other major new features necessary to permit the Bradley-A3 to interoperate on the Army's emerging Digitized Battlefield for Force XXI.

      The M2A3 has more equipment than previous models of the BFV. This equipment is also more complex than that on earlier models, which requires more cross training to ensure soldiers can fill vacancies or shortfalls in critical positions. Also, because the M2A3 BFV platoon can transfer more information at every level, soldiers must work together more closely than ever before.



      M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle


      The M2A3/M3A3 model of the Bradley will facilitate enhanced command and control, greater lethality, and provide mobile protected transport of an Infantry squad, and Cavalry crewmen to critical points on the battlefield. M2A3/M3A3 will facilitate mechanized Infantry, cavalry scout, and other claimant (Bradley equipped Fire Support and Stinger Teams) missions in the 21st Century. Upgrades include advanced technology in the areas of command and control, lethality, survivability, mobility, and sustainability required to defeat current and future threat forces while remaining operationally compatible with the Abrams main battle tank. The M2A3/M3A3 will provide overwatching fires to support the dismounted infantry and suppress/defeat enemy tanks, reconnaissance vehicles, IFVs, armored personnel carriers, bunkers, and attack helicopters. In the Cavalry role, it will be used to conduct reconnaissance operations, economy of force, and screening missions. It will be employed in Combined Arms units alongside the M1A1 D and M1A2 SEP tank. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: M2A3.)

      Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade. (See Wikipedia: 2d ID). (NOTE: ROK Army equipped with K-1 and K1-A1 tanks that do not have electronics upgrade packages. In real-time battles, communications may pose a problem with interfacing US with ROK tanks. The strategies for tank employment are different. With the USFK falling into a "support role" for the ROK starting in 2012, both the ROK and USFK are attempting to resolve the 4CSI issues and resultant information flow problems. In Apr 2007, the ROK conducted a Corps-scale FTX that highlighted these problem areas as it tested its capabilities without USFK support just prior to Foal Eagle-07/RSOI-07.)

      • HHC
      • A Company
      • B Company
      • C Company
      • D Company


    • 1st BN, 15th Field Artillery ("First to Fire") -- 24 - M109A6 (Paladin SP Howitzer) (Camp Hovey) (NOTE: Orbat gives 18 M109A6 SPA 155mm) The 1st Bn, 15th FA served continuously with the 2nd ID at Camp Casey, Korea, from 1988 to 2005. In December of 2004, 1-15 FA was task organized underneath 2IDs, 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team as the Brigade Fires Battalion. Along with this reorganization came a move from Camp Casey to Camp Hovey in June of 2005. It is positioned to strike hard at any aggressor that might attempt to break through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea. (Source: 2d ID: 1-15 FA.)

      M109A6 Paladin: The M109A6 is the most technologically advanced cannon in the Army inventory. This weapon has a 4 man crew, and weights approximately 62,000 lbs/32 tons, and has a cruising range of 186 miles, Max speed is 35 MPH, It has a fuel capacity of 133 gals. The Paladin can operate independently, from on the move, it can receive a fire mission, compute firing data, select and take up its firing position, automatically unlock and point its cannon, fire and move out - all with no external technical assistance. Firing the first round from the move in under 60 seconds, a "shoot and scoot" capability protects the crew from counterbattery fire. The M109A6 Paladin is capable of firing up to four rounds per minute to ranges of 30 kilometers. The Paladin features increased survivability characteristics such as day/night operability, NBC protection with climate control and secure voice and digital communications. The crew remains in the vehicle throughout the mission. The Paladin is designed to accept new technologies increasing firing range, rate of fire, and accuracy. TACOM-ARDEC, in order to maintain the state-of-the-art in artillery technologies, is continuing to develop enhancements adaptable to Paladin, such as a 52 caliber gun, Modular Artillery Charge System (MACS), and a laser ignition system.



      M109A6 Paladin Self-propelled Howitzer


      The most significant operational differences between the M109A6 howitzer and prior M109 series howitzers are the Paladin's ability to operate over a widely dispersed area and to move and emplace using the Paladin technology. The Paladin can move and position within an assigned position area, process technical firing data, and fire a mission without relying on aiming circles and wire lines. Target acquisition and engagement parameters (tactical fire control) are provided by the Paladin platoon's battle command facility, the platoon operations center (POC). The automatic fire control system (AFCS) and single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) frequency modulation (FM) radios change the current requirements for surveyed firing points, aiming circles, and land lines. The Paladin's top speed of 38 mph makes it slightly faster than the M-109A3. The Army beefed up the engine and transmission, and installed some new technologies -- an on-board fire control system, on-board position-navigation system, radios. There is also improved ballistic protection on the howitzer and on-board prognostics and diagnostics to help diagnose when there is a problem. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: M109A6.)

      Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade (See Wikipedia: 2d ID).

      • HHB
      • Alpha Battery "Gators"
      • Bravo Battery "Bulldogs"
      • Charlie Battery "Cobra Strike"
      • Service Battery


    • 302nd Forward Support BN (Camp Casey) The 302nd is a Brigade Support Battalion, consisting of a Headquarters Company, Supply Company, Maintenance Company, Medical Company, and four Forward Support Companies. Each plays an integral role in supporting the 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team and the 2nd Infantry Division. The 302nd BSB is located at Camp Casey, Korea.

      The 2d Medical Battalion was reorganized as the 302d Forward Support Battalion on 17 October 1989 and supports the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 2d Infantry Division on Camp Casey. The 302nd FSB now consisted of a Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, A Company (Maintenance), B Company ( Supply), and C Company ( Medical). Each Company has it own unique history tied to the now deactivated. On 7 November 1991, the 4th Chemical Company was assigned to the 302d Forward Support Battalion.

      In December 2004, the battalion began its transformation into a new unit of action. This involved realigning and redistributing resources, changing MTOEs, and forming four new Forward Support Companies. These Forward Support Companies are both located with and attached to their supported maneuver units, ensuring high quality, responsive Combat Service Support enhanced by the familiarity of a long-term relationship. On 15 April 2005, the battalion was officially redesignated as the 302D Brigade Support Battalion supporting the newly designated 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team. (Source:2d ID: 302 FSB) Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade (See Wikipedia: 2d ID).

      • HHC
      • Alpha Company "Hurricanes" (Support platoon)
      • Bravo Company "Black Knights" (Auto & ELM Missile maint)
      • Charlie Company "Cougars" (Medical treatment platoon)
      • 4th Chemical Company "Silent Death" (Decon, Recon, Smoke) -- On 7 November 1991, the 4th Chemical Company was assigned to the 302d Forward Support Battalion. Attached to 1st Brigade Special Troops BN in Jun 2005. (See 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion) (NOTE: Throughout Korea, the US NBC Decon personnel are supplemented by Korean Service Corps (KSC) Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) employees to protect US personnel and decon unit equipment. KSC is headquarted at Camp Kim, Yongsan. The transfer of the chemical decontamination mission from the U.S. military to the ROK military was completed in Aug. 2004 with the US military to eventually transfer 10 missions to the ROK military as part of the Strategic Policy Initiative (SPI) mutually agreed to by both nations.) (UNCERTAINTY OF ALIGNMENT: Also listed as aligned under 702d BSB, 210th FB)


    • 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry ("Garry Owen" / "Out Front!") -- 27 - M1A1 MBT; 41 - M3A2 BFV; 6 - M1064; 16 - OH-58D (Camp Hovey) (NOTE: Orbat lists: 43 M3 CFV, 27 M1A1 MBT, 6 M106 SPM, 16 OH-58D) 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry is responsible for accomplishing reconnaissance and security missions and engaging in offensive, defensive and retrograde operations as a part of the 2d Infantry Division. 4-7 Cavalry has a mission requirement to deploy within 30 minutes of an alert. Because of the diversity of this squadron, the squadron is not located on one installation. There are 804 personnel assigned to this unit including Korean augmentees. On 1 December 2004 the Squadron closed Camp GarryOwen and Camp Stanton. The 4th Squadron 7th Cavalry has reorganized and restationed to Camp Hovey, where they are transforming to an all armored reconnaissance Squadron under the Iron Heavy Brigade Combat Team, while maintaining the proud traditions and esprit de Corps of the U.S. Cavalry! GarryOwen! (Source:2d ID: 4-7 Cav)

      The initial response package (IRP) for ground deployment calls for seven M3A2, Two M1064A3, One M923, and One M113A3 (ambulance). The IRP (Air) calls for four OH-58D(I) and aviation support personnel. 4-7 received upgraded M1-A1 tanks in the summer of 2004.

      M1A1 Main Battle Tank See Task Force, 1st BN, 72nd Armor Rgt for info. (See GlobalSecurity.org: M1A1.) (NOTE: ROK Army equipped with K-1 and K1-A1 tanks that do not have electronics upgrade packages. In real-time battles, communications may pose a problem with interfacing US with ROK tanks. The strategies for tank employment are different. With the USFK falling into a "support role" for the ROK starting in 2012, both the ROK and USFK are attempting to resolve the 4CSI issues and resultant information flow problems. In Apr 2007, the ROK conducted a Corps-scale FTX that highlighted these problem areas as it tested its capabilities without USFK support just prior to Foal Eagle-07/RSOI-07.)

      M2A2/M3A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle See 2nd BN, 9th Infantry Rgt (MECH) for info. (See GlobalSecurity.org: M2A3.)

      M1064A3 Self-propelled 120mm Mortar: The M1064A3 is a member of the M113A3 Vehicle Family developed and produced by FMC Corporation. Power is supplied by a 275hp Detroit Diesel 6V53T turbocharged diesel engine driving through an Allison X200-4 (cross-drive) transmission. The M1064A3 incorporates all of the mobility, reliability improvements of the M113A3, including powertrain, engine diagnostics, driver's station, and electrical system. Survivability is enhanced through the use of external fuel tanks. The M1064A3 has the same silhouette as the M113A3 Personnel Carrier and features a welded-in cross beam, additional floor support structures to withstand mortar reaction forces, and an enlarged three-piece top firing hatch. The 120mm weapon has a 90 traverse for firing over the rear of the vehicle. The M106 107mm Mortar Carrier has a 4.2 inch (107mm) M30 mortar mounted on turntable in the rear which fires through a large hatch in the roof. The baseplate for the mortar is mounted externally on the left side of the vehicle for use when firing the mortar dismounted. The M125 is of similar design, carrying a 81mm mortar. Kits to convert M106 and M125 vehicles to the M1064A3 configuration are available. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: M1064.)


      M1064 Self-propelled 120mm Mortar


      OH-58D Kiowa The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior is a two-place single engine armed reconnaissance helicopter. The OH-58D's highly accurate navigation system permits precise target location that can be handed-off to other engagement systems. The OH-58D has an infrared thermal imaging capability and can display night vision goggle flight reference symbology. It's laser designator/laser rangefinder can provide autonomous designation for laser-guided precision weapons. Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) missiles provide the Kiowa Warrior with protection against threat aircraft. The primary mission of the Kiowa Warrior is armed reconnaissance in air cavalry troops and light attack companies. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org; OH-58.)

      The Kiowa was the first US Army helicopter to have an all-glass cockpit. The cockpit is supplied by Sperry Flight Systems and is equipped with a multiple target tracking / moving target indicator, an ANVIS (Aviation Night Vision System) display symbology system and helmet-mounted display. The primary multi-function displays provide situation information, communications control and the mast-mounted sight video. A video recorder stores television and thermal imagery from the mission and allows playback in the cockpit.



      OH-58D Kiowa


      The OH-58D is equipped with two universal quick change weapons pylons. Each pylon can be armed with two Hellfire missiles, seven Hydra 70 rockets, two air-to-air Stinger missiles or one .50-calibre fixed forward machine gun. Mission processors control the suite of mission subsystems via a Military Standard 1553B bus. An onboard computer provides laser ranging and target location within 10m. (Source: Army Technology.com.)

      Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade (See Wikipedia: 2d ID)

      • HHT/4-7 CAV (219 Personnel)
      • A Troop (135 Personnel)
      • B Troop (135 Personnel)
      • C Troop (135 Personnel)
      • D Troop (27 Personnel)
      • E Troop (27 Personnel)
      • F Troop (73 Personnel)
      • KATUSA (53 Personnel)


    • 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion -- (Camp Hovey) Unit evolving as part of 1st Heavy Combat Brigade (See Wikipedia: 2d ID).

      Because the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion was a new unit designed for the Army’s modular transformation it possessed no direct lineage of its own prior to the 15th of December, 2004. The 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion did however, draw on the historic lineage of four other units. The 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion was activated under the 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team on 20 June 2005.

      The 299th Engineer Battalion was inactivated with a large contingent of its personnel shifted to the new 1st Brigade STB. The unit was transformed from the 2D Engineer Battalion, which earned a total of 34 campaign streamers, the Belgium Fourragere, and two Korean Presidential Unit Citations.

      Additionally, the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion was organized with a Headquarters Company with a support mission to the battalion consisting of a large Military Police Platoon, a Reconnaissance and Security section. In addition a Signal Communications Company, Military Intelligence Company were assigned. A Company from the 124th Signal Battalion , a Military Intelligence Company from the 104th Military Intelligence Battalion, and a Military Police Platoon from the 4th Military Police Company all came together with HHC, 299th Engineer Battalion to form the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion.

      The 4th Chemical Company ("Silent Death" (Decon, Recon, Smoke)) was attached to the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion on 21 June 2005 -- but aligned under 302nd Forward Support Battalion. (Source:2d ID: 1 BSTB) In 2006, deployed to Iraq. (See Wikipedia: 2d ID). (UNCERTAINTY OF ALIGNMENT: Also listed as aligned under 702d BSB, 210th FB)




  • 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade (MFAB) -- The 8th U.S. Army's Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB) was officially formed in June 2005 as the 2nd Aviation Brigade. 16 June 2005 marked the activation the 2nd Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB). The newly consolidated aviation unit includes Apache Longbow attack helicopters, UH-60 Blackhawk utility helicopters, CH-47 Chinook medium lift helicopters and manages the Eighth Army C-12 Huron (fixed wing aircraft) detachment. The 8th U.S. Army aviation took a big step by transforming its brigades into multifunction aviation brigades when elements of the 17th Aviation Brigade consolidated with the 3-6 Attack Helicopter Battalion from the 6th Cavalry Brigade. Once a division-centric organization, the US Army is transforming to a brigade-centric model that enables it to increase the number of combat brigades from 33 to 43 or more by reallocating personnel and equipment. The 17th Aviation Brigade inactivated 16 June 2005. The transformation by Eighth Army units to modular organizations enhances the capability to perform its? deterrence mission in the Republic of Korea by making them more quickly deployable, flexible and lethal than currently structured. Six battalions now are in the brigade. Aviation brigades located at the corps level or below which historically consist of two to four Aviation battalions. As the Army goes through transformation, the current Aviation brigades will become Aviation Units of Action (UA). Their configuration will reflect a composite structure that is easily adaptive, expeditionary, able to deploy on short notice, and capable of conducting the entire spectrum of Aviation operations as part of a joint task force. The Army is transitioning from seventeen tactical Aviation brigades in 2004, to eleven Aviation UAs by 2008.


    UH-60/EH-60 Blackhawk The UH-60A Black Hawk is the primary division-level transport helicopter, providing dramatic improvements in troop capacity and cargo lift capability compared to the UH-1 Series "Huey" it replaces. The UH-60A, with a crew of three, can lift an entire 11-man fully-equipped infantry squad in most weather conditions. It can be configured to carry four litters, by removing eight troop seats, in the MedEval role. Both the pilot and co-pilot are provided with armor-protective seats. Protective armor on the Black Hawk can withstand hits from 23mm shells. The Black Hawk has a cargo hook for external lift missions. The Black Hawk has provisions for door mounting of two M60D 7.62mm machine guns on the M144 armament subsystem, and can disperse chaff and infrared jamming flares using the M130 general purpose dispenser. The Black Hawk has a composite titanium and fiberglass four-bladed main rotor, is powered by two General Electric T700-GE-700 1622 shp turboshaft engines, and has a speed of 163 mph (142 knots). (Source: GlobalSecurity.org; UH-60A.)


    UH-60 Blackhawk


    CH-47 Chinook The CH-47 Chinook, the workhorse of the US Army, is manufactured by the Boeing Vertol company. The Chinook has served as the prime mover for the US Army and other military forces for decades. Its principal missions include transport of troops, artillery, ammunitions, fuel, water, barrier materials, supplies and equipment on the battlefield. Other missions include medical evacuation, aircraft recovery, fire fighting, parachute drops, heavy construction, civil development, disaster relief, and search and rescue. In the US Army National Guard and among international customers, Chinooks often expend the majority of their flight hours on these latter missions. The CH-47 is a twin-engine, tandem rotor helicopter designed for transportation of cargo, troops, and weapons during day, night, visual, and instrument conditions. The aircraft fuselage is approximately 50 feet long. With a 60-foot rotor span, on each rotor system, the effective length of a CH-47 (with blades turning) is approximately 100 feet from the most forward point of the forward rotor to the most rearward point on the aft rotor. Maximum airspeed is 170 knots with a normal cruise speed of 130 knots. However, speed for any mission will vary greatly depending on load configuration (internal or external), time of day, or weather conditions. The minimum crew for tactical operations is four, two pilots, one flight engineer, and one crew chief. For more complex missions, such as NVG operations and air assaults, commanders may consider using five crew members and add one additional crew chief. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org; CH-47.)


    CH-47 Chinook


    AH-64A/D Apache The Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) (formerly Hughes) AH-64A Apache is the Army's primary attack helicopter. It is a quick-reacting, airborne weapon system that can fight close and deep to destroy, disrupt, or delay enemy forces. The Apache is designed to fight and survive during the day, night, and in adverse weather throughout the world. The principal mission of the Apache is the destruction of high-value targets with the HELLFIRE missile. It is also capable of employing a 30MM M230 chain gun and Hydra 70 (2.75 inch) rockets that are lethal against a wide variety of targets. The Apache has a full range of aircraft survivability equipment and has the ability to withstand hits from rounds up to 23MM in critical areas. The AH-64 is air transportable in the C-5, C-141 and C-17. The AH-64 Apache is a twin-engine, four bladed, multi-mission attack helicopter designed as a highly stable aerial weapons-delivery platform. It is designed to fight and survive during the day, night, and in adverse weather throughout the world. With a tandem-seated crew consisting of the pilot, located in the rear cockpit position and the co-pilot gunner (CPG), located in the front position, the Apache is self-deployable, highly survivable and delivers a lethal array of battlefield armaments. The Apache features a Target Acquisition Designation Sight (TADS) and a Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS) which enables the crew to navigate and conduct precision attacks in day, night and adverse weather conditions. The Apache program may eventually evolve to four different models in service simultaneously. The models are, the current AH-64A, an AH-64+ with product improvements applied, and an AH-64D Longbow Apache with glass cockpit display, advanced engines, wiring for Longbow systems, radar interferometer, and the Longbow missile system. Approximately 1/3 of the Longbow fleet will also be equipped with the Longbow millimeter wave fire control radar. Converting an A model to a D model costs about $10 million. The Longbow radar adds another $3.6 million to the price tag. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org; AH-64.)

    The advanced model, the AH-64D Apache Longbow, is equipped with an improved sensor suite and weapon systems. The key improvement over the A-variant is the AN/APG-78 Longbow dome installed over the main rotor which houses a millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar (FCR) target acquisition system as well as the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI). The elevated position of the radome allows detection and (arcing) missile engagement of targets even when the helicopter itself is concealed by an obstacle (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). Further, a radio modem integrated with the sensor suite allows a D-variant Apache to share targeting data with other AH-64Ds that do not have a line-of-sight to the target. In this manner a group of Apaches can engage multiple targets but only reveal the radome of one D-variant Apache. Apaches that include all of the improvements of the Longbow Apache, with the exception of the Fire Control Radar are still designated as "AH-64D Apache Longbows", as the radome is removable and interchangeable between aircraft. The aircraft was updated with more powerful T700-GE-701C engines, and a fully-integrated cockpit. The forward fuselage of the aircraft was expanded to accommodate new systems. In addition, the aircraft receives improved survivability, communications, and navigation capabilities. Most existing capabilities of the AH-64A Apache are retained. The first of the upgraded Block II Apaches was delivered to the US Army in February 2003. Block II includes upgrades to the digital communications systems to improve communications within the 'tactical internet'. Block III improvements, slated for 2008 onwards, include increasing digitization, the joint tactical radio system, enhanced engines and drive systems, capability to control UAVs, new composite rotor blade and landing gear upgrades. The new blades, which successfully completed flight testing in May 2004, increase the Apache's cruise speed, climb rate and payload capability. The Block III System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract was awarded to Boeing in July 2006. (Source: Wikipedia.)


    AH-64A/D Apache Longbow


    C-12F Huron The C-12 Huron, a twin turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft, is the military version of the Beachcraft Super King Air. The US Army ordered 60 military passenger-carrying King Air A200s, designated the C-12A, beginning in FY1973. Worldwide deployment began in July 1975, with a total of 380 ordered by US armed forces by the late 1990s. The C-12 aircraft, manufactured by Raytheon Aircraft Company (RAC) (formerly Beech Aircraft Corporation), is a high-performance, T-tail, pressurized, monoplane that accommodates places for a pilot, co-pilot, and passengers. This all-metal, low wing, twin turbo-prop aircraft is powered by two Pratt and Whitney PT6A-41/42/65 turbo prop engines. The Government’s C-12 aircraft fleet is similar to the Beech Super King Air 200 & 1900C, which is operated extensively around the world by many private and commercial users. The aircraft provides operational support for military bases, sites, fleet and shore units. The C-12 Huron will continue to be the mainstay of Operation Support Airlift (OSA) through the year 2010. The C-12F is an Operational Support Aircraft (OSA), generally derived from the King Air Model B200C with PT6A-42 turboprop engines and a cargo door. Configuration options include two crew and eight passengers, more than 1,050 kg (2,300 lb) of freight, or two litter patients and attendants. The C-12F can carry up to eight passengers and has a cargo capacity of 56 cubic feet. It can be used to transport patients on medical evacuation litters. The aircraft provides on-call, rapid response, modern air transport for high priority supply and movement of key personnel. Specifically, it is used for VIP transport or to deliver repair parts; equipment; and technical, crash investigation, and accident investigation teams wherever needed. Its support role also includes such functions as range clearance, medical evacuation, administrative movement of personnel, transportation connections, and courier flights. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: C-12.)

    C-12 Huron


    • 1st Battalion (Attack), 2d Aviation Regiment ("Gunfighters") -- 24 - AH-64D Apache attack helicopters (Camp Eagle, Wonju) On Order, 1-2 ATKHB transitions to war, conducts attack helicopter operations to destroy enemy forces, and conducts reconnaissance and security operations in support of 2d Infantry Division combat operations. On order, 1-2 ATKHB supports Joint Security Area (JSA) Evacuation. (Source: 2ID: 1-2 Atkhb and Wikipedia: 2d ID.) In early 2001 there were 48 Apaches in South Korea. The third Korea-based unit of 24 craft [1st Battalion, 2nd Aviation Rgt] returned in late 2001 from the United States with an upgraded version of the attack helicopter. In the Korean theater, the three Apache battalions were dedicated to missions critical to the OPLAN: support of 2d Infantry Division operations (1-2 Aviation), and anti-special operations forces (anti-SOF) and deep attack operations (1-6 and 3-6 Cavalry). In 2005, Camp Page closed and 1-2 Aviation with its 24 AH-64Ds was scheduled to rotate out of Korea permanently (and supposedly transfer to the 25th Inf Div in FY06). In 2005, the 1st Battalion (Attack), 2nd Aviation Regiment "Gunfighters" moved from Camp Page in Area I, to Camp Eagle in Area III. The move required transporting more than $485 million worth of organizational property including 18 Apache Longbow helicopters, 150 tactical vehicles, trailers and associated ground support equipment. There were also more than 400 U.S. and KATUSA Soldiers and all of their belongings, and all of the battalion's equipment. (Source: Morning Calm, 6 Jan 2006) 16 June 2005 marked the activation the 2nd Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB). However, the 1-2 remained and 3-6 Cav was redesignated as the 4-2 Avn Rgt. Instead, the 1-6 rotated stateside. New AH-64A/D helicopters fills received Dec 2006.
      • HHC Company - "Diamondbacks"
      • Alpha Company - "Razorback"
      • Bravo Company - "Paladins"
      • Charlie Company - "Bushwackers"
      • Delta Company - "Roadrunners"


    • 4th BN, 2nd Attack Regt -- 24 - AH-64D (Camp Humphreys) Formerly the 3rd Sq, 6th Cav (Attack) (EABH-3-6). According to 3rd Squadron, 6th Cavalry (Attack) (EABH-3-6), "As of early 2001 there were 48 Apaches in South Korea. The third Korea-based unit of 24 craft [1st Battalion / 2nd Aviation Rgt] returned in late 2001 from the United States with an upgraded version of the attack helicopter. In the Korean theater, the three Apache battalions are dedicated to missions critical to the OPLAN: support of 2d Infantry Division operations (1-2 Aviation), and anti-special operations forces (anti-SOF) and deep attack operations (1-6 and 3-6 Cavalry). ... The unit and their Apaches returned to Korea at the end of May 2003. The battalion was previously assigned to the 6th Cavalry. In Apr 2005, Camp Page closed. The 8th U.S. Army's Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB) was officially formed as the 2nd Aviation Brigade -- 16 June 2005 marked the activation the 2nd Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB). The AH-64Ds moved to Camp Humphreys. In ceremonies at Camp Humphries on 15 Jun 2006, the 3-6 Cav was reflagged as the 4th BN 2d AV Rgt, (2ID: and Wikipedia: 2d ID.) New AH-64A/D helicopters received Dec 2006.
      • HHT
      • A Troop "Checkmates"
      • B Troop "Silver Spurs"
      • C Troop "Ruthless Riders"
      • D Troop "Desperados"


    • 2nd Battalion (Assault), 2nd Aviation Regiment -- (K-16 (Seoul AB)) -- 30 UH-60A and EH-60A. The 2d Battalion (Assault), 2d Aviation Regiment is the most forward deployed Assault Helicopter Battalion in the world. The Battalion's bread and butter is the multi-aircraft air assault under night vision goggles. The air assault operation employs firepower and mobility to engage and destroy the enemy. The workhorse of the battalion's fleet is the Sikorsky built UH-60 Blackhawk. The UH-60 is a twin turbine engine, single rotor, semimonocoque fuselage, rotary wing helicopter. Its primary mission is tactical transport of troops, supplies and equipment. Armament consists of two 7.62mm machine guns, one on each side of the forward cabin. Its top airspeed is 193 knots, or 386 kph (240 mph). In June 2005, 2nd Battalion 2nd Aviation Regiment moved from Camp Stanley to K-16 Air Field. K-16 is an army airfield southeast side of Seoul, across the Han River from Yongsan. K-16, also known as Seoul Air Base, is a small post located near the city of Songnam just outside of Seoul. That same year 2nd MFAB brigade changed from "Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade" to the 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade or 2d CAB. (Source: 2ID: 2-2avn and Wikipedia: 2d ID.)
        HHC Company
      • Alpha Company
      • Bravo Company "Renegades"
      • Charlie Company
      • Delta Company


    • 3nd Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment (GSAB) -- CH-47 (Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek) 3-2nd Aviation Regiment (GSAB) conducts theater-wide airborne C2, MEDEVAC, Heavy Lift Combat, CS and CSS operations. O/O conducts general support aviation operations in support of 2ID and Eighth U.S. Army. CH-47 from former 2nd BN, 52nd Aviation Rgt (Medium Helicopter). The 2nd Btn CH-47 Chinooks provided medium lift capabilities. In Apr 2005, eight Chinooks departed stateside (Ft. Hood, TX) in Apr 2005, but eight Chinooks remained in Korea. The remaining units were to become part of the 6th Cavalry at Camp Humphreys and later incorporated into the 2nd Combat Aviation Bde (MFAB). On 16 June 2005, 2d Battalion, 52d Aviation Regiment transformed itself from a three company, H-series Chinook Battalion into the 2-52nd General Support Aviation Battalion (GSAB) where it picked up an additional four companies. (Source: 2ID: 2-52avn and Wikipedia: 2d ID.) 3-2nd Aviation Regiment (GSAB) conducts theater-wide airborne C2, MEDEVAC, Heavy Lift Combat, CS and CSS operations. O/O conducts general support aviation operations in support of 2ID and Eighth U.S. Army. Re-flagging ceremony for old 2nd Battalion 52nd Aviation Regiment held at Camp Humphreys 6 Nov 2006 to 3rd Bn. 2nd CAB. The unit’s history stretches back to May 31, 1940.
      • Headquarters company -- (commander and other key unit leaders, admin staff, medical section)
      • Alpha Company -- General support aviation company (8 UH-60 Black Hawks, including some used for command-and-control) It consists of UH-60 Black Hawk units that haul cargo or troops.
      • Bravo Company -- Heavy helicopter company (12 CH-47 Chinooks) The CH-47 Chinook units that can airlift troops, cannons or other heavy equipment.
      • Charlie Company -- Air ambulance company (12 UH-60 medical evacuation Black Hawks) Aligned under the 18th Medical Command. Its “dustoff” aircrews fly Black Hawks equipped to rush wounded troops to a field hospital.
      • Echo Company -- Forward support company (responsible for fuel, food service, and "ground maintenance" of vehicles and similar equipment)
      • Delta Company -- Aviation support company (responsible for aircraft maintenance)

      • 1st Battalion, 52nd Aviation Rgt (Theater-Rotation) (UNCERTAIN OF DISPOSITION) --C-12F (Headquarters at Camp Coiner and subordinate units at K-16, Camp Humphreys.) The 1st Bn, 52nd Avn. Regt. left Korea with 300 soldiers and their twenty-four UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters departing for Fort Wainwright, Alaska. However, at the same time, the unit left 150 soldiers in Korea with the 1st Btn C-12 Hurons to shuttle VIPs (operating as a separate company). One company will stay in South Korea as part of the 2nd Infantry Division, continuing to fly important visitors and flag officers around the peninsula. That unit also will assume responsibility for basic equipment moves throughout South Korea, a task now performed by a separate company within the regiment. (Stars and Stripes, 9 Apr 2005). (NOTE: Osan AB 55th Airlift Squadron (55ALS) flies C12Js on VIP missions around Korea.)


    • 602nd Aviation Support Battalion -- Formerly 602nd Area Support BN. (Camp Humphreys) The mission of the 602nd Aviation Support Battalion is to provide logistical support to the Aviation Brigade. On 16 June, 2005 the battalion was reorganized as part of the Combat Aviation Brigade. The unit currently has maintenance support teams at Camp Eagle and K-16 Air Base, and as part of transformation moved to Camp Humphreys in July 2005. The ASB is the primary aviation logistics organization in the Aviation Unit of Employment. The battalion provides both aviation and ground field maintenance, replenishment of all supplies and medical support in order to sustain the brigade. (Source: 2ID: 602 ASB.)
      • Headquarters "Roughriders"
      • Alpha Company "Alpha Rock"
      • Bravo Company "Road Dawg"


    • 4-58th Airfield Operations Battalion -- (K-16 Airfield (Seoul AB)) -- It provides air traffic services in support of the CINC UNC/CFC/USFK to ensure the safe, orderly and expeditious use of Army airspace. On orders conducts base defense. On orders supports RSOI and provides ATS throughout the Korean Theater of Operations. On orders deploys to GTW sites, forms a Combined ATS Group, and assumes command and control of all follow-on ATS units. Formerly a part of the 17th Aviation Brigade. On June 15, 2005 the 17th Aviation Brigade was inactivated and the 164th ATS Group became part of the 2D Combat Aviation Brigade. (Source: 2ID: 164atsg.) 164th ATS Group was reflagged as the 4-58th Airfield Operations Battalion on 12 Jun 2007. The new structure takes the former group out of 2nd Infantry Division and attaches most of its members to the 8th U.S. Army as part of the 164th Theater Airfield Operations Group, headquartered at Fort Rucker, Ala. However, 45 soldiers will remain with 2nd ID, providing tactical support as the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment, General Support Aviation Battalion’s Company F. The battalion will concentrate on managing fixed-base air traffic control centers at Camp Humphreys, K-16, the H264 heliport at Yongsan Garrison and six remote sites in South Korea. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)



  • 210th Fires Brigade (2nd Infantry Division Artillery (DIVARTY)) (Camp Casey) - Formerly the 2nd Infantry Division Artillery (DIVARTY). It stood ready, as the most forward deployed division artillery in the world, to conduct counterfire and deep operations in defense of the Republic of Korea. In order to execute that mission, DIVARTY employed two 155mm Direct Support Cannon Battalions, one Multiple Launch Rocket System-Army Tactical Missile System (MLRS/ATACMS) battalion, a separate MLRS/ATACMS battery, a target acquisition battery and a headquarters and headquarters battery. The Division Artillery reorganized into a Fires Brigade which consists of HHB, Fires Brigade, 6-37th FA, and 1-38th FA at Camp Casey and 702d BSB at Camp Castle. With approximately 1300 Warriors assigned to the three battalions and one separate battery, the Soldiers of the most forward deployed Fires Brigade are proud of their history and the 23 Campaign Streamers on the unit colors. The Brigade stands ready today, as it has in the past, to answer any calls to arms in defense of the Republic of Korea or in the cause of freedom for our great country. Moved to Camp Casey from Camp Stanley in 2005. In November of 2006 it was renamed the 210th Fires Brigade. (Source: 2ID: 210 Fires.)

    The brigade’s 1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery, Delta Battery redesignated as the 333rd Field Artillery’s F Battery. The 579th Signal Company was added to the brigade on Nov. 16, 2006. The brigade also includes the 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery, and the 702nd Brigade Support Battalion. The 210th will become one of six fires brigades throughout the Army. The 2nd ID Fires Brigade began as the 2nd ID Division Artillery in 1912 and was deployed in WWI and WWII before fighting early in the Korean War. It has been permanently based in South Korea since 1965. The brigade and its units include 1,000 commissioned, warrant and non-commissioned officers as well as 1,770 junior enlisted soldiers. The 210th Fires Brigade, created in WWII as a field artillery brigade, participated in the Normandy landing. It was based mostly in West Germany during the Cold War and took part in Operation Desert Storm before being deactivated. (Source: Stars and Stripes.)

    M270 MLRS Self-Propelled Loader/Launcher (SPLL): The capabilities of MLRS make it one of the most versatile FA weapon systems available for both joint and combined arms operations. Its range, mobility, and lethality allow it to execute the full spectrum of fire support -- providing close support to maneuver units, protecting the force with counterfire, and attacking operational targets for the division, corps, Marine airground task force (MAGTF), or joint task force commander and in support of theater missile defense (TMD). Regardless of the tactical mission, MLRS units are positioned and fight well forward and use their shoot-and-scoot capability to improve survivability. Forward positioning is critical to accomplishing these deep missions. When providing close support in the offense, MLRS units move with the maneuver forces they support, stop to fire as required and then move rapidly to rejoin the formation. In the defense, these systems support maneuver units by moving laterally along the forward line of own troops (FLOT). This allows MLRS units to take maximum advantage of their range to protect maneuver units from the destructive effects of the enemy's indirect fire systems.

    The mobility and massive firepower of the MLRS make it well-suited to augment other artillery fires supporting cavalry units engaged in operations such as screening, covering force, and movement to contact. The 32 kilometer (km) range of the MLRS rocket and the 165 km range of the Army tactical missile system (ATACMS) provide the division, corps, MAGTF, and joint commanders with a deep strike option. To support deep operations, MLRS units are positioned close to the FLOT and in some cases beyond the FLOT to engage the enemy at maximum ranges and to continue to attack him throughout the depth of the battlefield. The 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery Regiment fielded the updated version of the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System at Rocket Valley range in the Western Corridor on May 2, 2003. The new incarnation of the MLRS, the M270A1, features a greatly decreased "ready-tofire" time, and can move on and off firing points much faster than its predecessor. Each MLRS vehicle is equipped with a Loader Launcher Module, which sits on a system of hydraulics that swings the launcher into firing position. Each LLM holds two 5,400-pound pods that carry six rockets each. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: M270.)


    ATACMS Block 1


    M39 ATACMS: The Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) is a family of long-range, near all-weather guided MGM-140 missiles fired from the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 launcher and deployed within the ammunition loads of corps MLRS battalions. The Army TACMS provides the joint task force (JTF) and corps commanders an operational fires capability for precision engagement of the enemy throughout the depth of the battlefield beyond the range of currently fielded cannons and rockets. It delays disrupts, neutralizes or destroys high payoff targets such as combat maneuver units, surface to surface missile units, air defense units, command/control/communications sites and helicopter forward area rearming/refueling points. The Block IA is an upgrade intended to double the range of the current Army TACMS Block I missile. Army TACMS Block IA will dispense M74 Anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel (APAM) bomblets, as does the Block I. The Army TACMS Block IA's ability to engage the enemy at extended ranges will reinforce the dominant maneuver force by helping the JTF commander shape the battlespace. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: ATACMS..) (See Cluster bombs for more info on ATACMS.)

    (NOTE: Up to 1998 when the ROK first asked for the ATACMS (300km range) missiles, the US balked. The US finally agreed to the release of the ATACMS missiles to the ROK in 2001 as it was attempting to disengage from the DMZ and turn over the defense to the ROK. South Korea announced procurement of the 300km-range Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) from the US for 110 ATACMS by 2004. The ROK added another ATACMS Brigade in 2005. The ROK upgraded to Block IA ATACMS with a 300km range. The MLRS/ATACMS units will be under the new Air Defense Artillery Command set up in Sep 2006. The 300km range covered Pyeongyang and reversed the US position of not providing the ROK with offensive weapons. Though there was a treaty in place about the ROK not possessing such weapons, the ROK simply chose to disregard the treaty and developed its own indigenous cruise missile -- thus making the treaty worthless.)

    ATACMS-P/EPW Munitions: ATACMS provisioned with "earth-penetrating" munitions can penetrate the North Korean bunkers along the DMZ where the North's artillery is hidden for protection. A program was started in FY 1997 to develop an earth penetrating variant of the ATACMS deliverable by the existing Army M270 tactical missile launcher and eventually by Navy surface ships and submarines. This variant makes use of the demonstrated capabilities of the ATACMS missile system and reentry and penetrator components developed by the Navy to hold the full spectrum of NBC/M-related targets at risk. This project leverages developments in strategic reentry systems technology (including aeroshells, attitude control systems, and guidance systems), advanced penetrator technology, and the Hard Target Smart Fuse (HTSF) under development by DSWA and the Air Force. Initial efforts focused on defining a near-term ATD to support an ACTD involving live fire testing in FY 1999. The TACMS-P demonstrated integration of the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) booster with a Navy reentry vehicle resulting in an improved capability to destroy hard and deeply-buried targets. The TACMS-P range extends to 220 km and will be compatible with the MLRS Family of Launchers. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: ATACMS.)

    Earth Penetrating Warhead (EPW) from a modified Army TACMS missile was final tested in Aug 2005. The TACMS-P was fired from a Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270A1 launcher at ambient conditions, and flew to a pre-determined altitude and speed to separate the EPW from the booster. After separation, the booster locked fins and continued on a ballistic path while the EPW guided to a fixed, hard target. "The TACMS Penetrator variant of the combat-proven family of ATACMS missiles provides combatant commanders a new technology that meets their priority list, and could easily be adapted to meet new requirements," said Scott Arnold, Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control’s director - ATACMS program. "This program has successfully demonstrated a new capability against hard targets, and we will deliver six residual prototype missiles to the government this year (2005)." (Source: SpaceDaily.com.)

    ROK Counter-Fire Mission, but ATACMS Stays The major mission was to provide counter-fire jointly with the ROK Army, but this mission has been turned over to the ROK in Aug 2005. The US provided the ROK with classified Digital Imaging Mapping for their picking up of the counter-fire mission. According to GlobalSecurity.org On 04 December 2001 Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control announced that it had received an $80.7 million contract to produce 111 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) Block IA missiles for the Republic of Korea. The contract represented the second purchase of the Army TACMS system by Korea and the first international sale of the Army TACMS Block IA system. The Foreign Military Sales (FMS) contract included 110 Army TACMS FMS Block IAs and one ATACMS FMS Block IA for testing, and 29 multiple rocket launchers. The contract with South Korea had a total value of 400 billion won ($307 million). South Korea began deploying US-made missiles in December 2003 that can strike most of North Korea. The Army Tactical Missile System Block 1A missiles are being deployed near the Demilitarized Zone. South Korea deployed 110 surface-to-surface missiles with a range of up to 300 km (187 miles) by April 2004. This marks the first time that South Korea will deploy 300-km medium-range missiles, which are capable of striking Pyongyang and other key North Korean cities."

    The first ROK ATACMS was deployed in 2003 and a second battalion of MLRS deployed in 2004. The K-55 155mm howitzers fielded in 1997. The transfer of the artillery counterfire responsibility was in 2003 with the final transfer scheduled for August 2005. (See GlobalSecurity.org: Korea for details on USFK-ROK agreement.) According to the Joongang Ilbo, "Reduction of U.S. Forces in Korea to be Completed by 2007" (21 Aug 2004) during the 11th Future of the Alliance (FOTA) meeting in Seoul, the two countries decided to process the U.S. forces relocation, with the exception of some units, according to the schedule (2004-2006) as agreed to in 2003 with the transfer of 10 major U.S. tasks to the Korean army. There was a high possibility that the complete relocation was going to be delayed until 2007. In particular, the U.S. multiple rocket launcher unit, which is the countermeasure to the North Korean long-range missiles, and the Paladin Mobile Artillery Unit were to be retrieved in August 2005 after evaluating the Korean army's capabilities and if the Korean army agrees to their retrievals. An official in the National Defense Ministry said, "These units will be relocated only with agreement from the Korean army and because of this, the relocation time could be delayed to 2006 or 2007." Supposedly the US Sec of Defense Rumsfield and ROK Minister of Defense signed off on the agreement in Nov 2004 to keep the MLRS in place -- but NOT for slippages past the August 2005 deadline. (Source: ROK to Take Over Artillery Fire as of August 2005.) However, as long as the ATACMS and Paladins are on the DMZ, the 210th Fires Brigade and ROK 3rd Army artillery need to cooperate and train together -- as they previously did with simulated battle drills such as Gateway. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: Gateway.)


    • 6th BN, 37th Field Artillery -- 18 - M270 MLRS/ATACMS (Camp Casey) 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery stands ready, as one of the most forward deployed MLRS battalions in the world, to conduct counter-fire and deep operations in the defense of the Republic of Korea. In 1991, Batteries A and B fielded ATACMS-capable MLRS; Battery C became ATACMS-capable in 1992. On 11 June 1993, Battery A, 38th Field Artillery, the 2d Infantry Division’s newly activated separate MLRS battery, was attached to 6-37, creating the Army’s largest MLRS battalion. In June 1994, the battalion moved to its current location at Camp Stanley. Through 2001 and 2002, the battalion helped stand up the 1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery. Then, on 18 June 2002, 6-37 became an 18 launcher MLRS battalion. (Source: 2ID: 6-37fa.) The 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery Regiment fielded the updated version of the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System at Rocket Valley range in the Western Corridor on May 2, 2003. The new incarnation of the MLRS, the M270A1, features a greatly decreased "ready-tofire" time, and can move on and off firing points much faster than its predecessor. Each MLRS vehicle is equipped with a Loader Launcher Module, which sits on a system of hydraulics that swings the launcher into firing position. Each LLM holds two 5,400-pound pods that carry six rockets each. During the exercise, the battalion soldiers fired M28A1 Reduced-Range Practice Rockets at target sites in Rocket Valley. The battalion fired a total of 18 practice rockets during the exercise. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 6-37fa.) Relocated from Camp Stanley to Camp Casey in 2005 -- a result of the U.S. Army’s transformation and base realignment process on the peninsula. For M270 MLRS/ATACMS info, see 210th Fires Brigade. (NOTE: 6-37FA originally flagged under 8th Army as MLRS unit, while 1-38FA Battery A with MLRS under 2ID. (Source: Appendix E-7, Reflagging Field Artillery.)
      • HHS
      • Alpha Battery
      • Bravo Battery
      • Charlie Battery
      • Service Battery
      • Alpha Battery, 38th Field Artillery


    • 1st BN, 38th Field Artillery -- 18 - M270 MLRS/ATACMS (Camp Casey) (This unit stood up in 2001.) 1st Battalion 38th Field Artillery (Command and Attack) provides rocket and missile fires in support of 2d Infantry Division's defense of the Republic of Korea. (Source: 2ID: 1-38fa.) Relocated from Camp Stanley to Camp Casey in 2005 -- a result of the U.S. Army's transformation and base realignment process on the peninsula. For M270 MLRS/ATACMS info, see 210th Fires Brigade. (NOTE: 6-37FA originally flagged under 8th Army as MLRS unit, while 1-38FA Battery A with MLRS under 2ID. (Source: Appendix E-7, Reflagging Field Artillery. Both 1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery (DS) and 6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery (GS) took part in operation Paul Bunyon in 1978. (Source: Axe Murders.))
      • HHS
      • Alpha Battery
      • Bravo Battery
      • Charlie Battery
      • 333rd Field Artillery, F Battery -- 38th Field Artillery, Delta Battery redesignated as the 333rd Field Artillery's F Battery in 2006.


    • 702d Brigade Support Battalion ("The Deuce" / "Warrior Main") (Camp Castle, Dongduchon) Formerly 702nd Main Support BN. After the Korean conflict the 702d Ordnance Battalion became the 702d Maintenance Battalion on 4 April 1963. The 702d Main Support Battalion activated 16 October 1989 from the deactivated 702d Maintenance Battalion as the base unit of the Army of Excellence (AOE) 2d Infantry Division Support Command (DISCOM). The DISCOM was reorganized under AOE to keep abreast of the modernization of the Division and to better support the Army’s Air-Land Battle Doctrine. The reorganization created four multifunctional support battalions from the three functional battalions of the old DISCOM. Today as the Army undergoes transformation the 702d Main Support Battalion have been reorganized under the Fires Brigade as a brigade support battalion. The 702d BSB continues its proud lineage and honor. (Source: 2ID: 702 BSB.)

      The 702nd Main Support Battalion, the largest Main Support Battalion in the U.S. Army today, was reorganized 15 September 1999. The 702nd MSB, the largest Battalion in the 2nd Infantry Division, reduced in size from 7 companies to 6 companies. The ceremony marked by the deactivation of Echo Company (missile maintenance) and the re-designation of Charlie, Delta and Foxtrot companies and reduced the personnel strength from its authorization of 1073 to 994. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • Headquarters "No Limit"
      • Alpha Company -- (Camp Castle) -- Company A provides food, water, and supplies to all 2ID soldiers and provide back-up support to Forward and Aviation Support Battalions. Deploy teams to produce water and deliver rations forward and sends 5,000 gallon tankers of fuel forward to logistical release points. Receives, stores and issues supplies at the Division's warehouse and is prepared to deploy all supplies to the Division Support Area. Moved from Camp Nimble to Camp Castle in 2005. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • Bravo Company "Road Warriors" -- (Camp Castle) -- provides 5 Ton Cargo truck support for all 2ID soldiers with emphasis for two air assault battalions and support on the DMZ. Provides 5 Ton Tractor & Trailor support for movement of supplies and rations forward. Provides Heavy Equipment Transport (HET) for movement of tracked vehicles over Korean roads. Moved from Camp Nimble to Camp Castle in 2005. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • Charlie Company "Heal The Warrior" -- Charlie Company provides medical care for all 2ID soldiers with treatment platoons, ambulance platoons, and preventive medicine and mental health sections. Provides dental, optical and pharmacy support. Operates a medical warehouse capable of forward deployment. On 16 October 1989 the Area Medical Support Company and Headquarters Section of the 2nd Medical Battalion joined the newly activated 702nd Main Support Battalion as Foxtrot Company. As of 16 September 1999, Foxtrot Company was renamed as Charlie Company, 702nd Main Support Battalion. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • Delta Company "Dragons" -- Delta Company operates a division warehouse for repair parts for the entire Division. Repairs small fuel and electric starters, generators and heaters. Provides missile repairs for Artillery systems with a missile repair team at Camp Stanley and a back up team at Camp Casey to assist the Forward Support and Aviation Support Battalions. Repairs communications and electronics equipment for 2ID. (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • Echo Company "Executioners" -- (Camp Mobile) -- Currently, Echo Company, 702nd MSB provides heavy equipment repair of vehicles, tracked vehicles, power generation equipment and armament equipment. The company performs allied trades missions of recovery of equipment, welding and machining. (NOTE: Camp Mobile scheduled to close under LPP in 2008) (Source: GlobalSecurity.org: 702msb.)
      • 4th Chemical Company -- (UNCERTAIN OF WHETHER ALIGNMENT UNDER 302d FSB, 1st BSTB or 702d BSB, 210th FB.) The 4th Chemical Company ("Silent Death" (Decon, Recon, Smoke)) was attached to the 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion on 21 June 2005 -- but aligned under 302nd Forward Support Battalion. (NOTE: Throughout Korea, the US NBC Decon personnel are supplemented by Korean Service Corps (KSC) Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) employees to protect US personnel and decon unit equipment. KSC is headquarted at Camp Kim, Yongsan. The transfer of the chemical decontamination mission from the U.S. military to the ROK military was completed in Aug. 2004 with the US military to eventually transfer 10 missions to the ROK military as part of the Strategic Policy Initiative (SPI) mutually agreed to by both nations.)


    • 579th Signal Company -- Joined 210th Fires Brigade on 16 Nov 2006. (See Wikipedia: 2d ID.)


  • US MARINE FORCES KOREA (USMARFOR-K) -- U.S. Marine Corps-Korea plans and directs Marine Corps operations in support of USFK/CFC in the Republic of Korea. MARFOR-K is headquartered in Yongsan, Seoul. In 2007, the ROK Marine elements -- being fully aware that it cannot launch a counter-attack in North Korea without US Navy and Marine support -- have been working closely with their US counterparts to schedule joint exercises. In addition, in Jul 2007 it was announced that the ROK Marines were planning to a brigade-size aircraft unit that will comprise a transport helicopter squadron, a multi-use helicopter squadron and an attack helicopter squadron. The Marine Corps has been seeking to reinforce its own tactical mobility, firepower, and command and control system as part of the nation's long-term military reform plans, due for completion by 2020. The are starting from scratch and will undoubtedly request US Marine assistance as the Marines operate by a different standard from the Army and Navy air wings. (NOTE: See Oct 2006 Chosun Ilbo article of first Marine amphibious landing without USFK support.) Unfortunately, sometimes political situations interfere in these joint exercises -- as demonstrated in Foal Eagle-07 when anti-American protestors showed up and the US Marines in an amphibious assault were not allowed to "storm the beaches." (NOTE: The elimination of the CFC in 2012 will impact the USMARFOR-K as the USFK moves to a "support" role. Also impacting the Marine support will be the USFJ realignment which moves some Okinawa 3MEU Marine elements to Guam. The 3rd MEU element in Okinawa was to provide the first troops to assist the ROK in case of invasion -- arriving within 24 hours with the use of fast ships.)

    In 1980, Camp Muchuk, a Republic of Korea Marine Corps ammunition depot, was established as a III MEF billeting facility to support repeated USMC deployment to the ROK. US Marine facilities at Camp Mujuk were expanded under the 2002 LPP. The Marine Expeditionary Camp, Pohang (MEC-P) is an 84-acre expeditionary encampment area located just outside the town of O'chon (near Pohang) and is a base camp for Marines deployed to exercises in the Republic of Korea for more than two decades. Multi-million dollar construction could be considered complete as the Seabees from Chinhae -- who have been there from the 1980s -- were recalled back to Chinhae in Jan 2007. Mujuk is a camp where Marine units can stay while they're training at one of several ranges in the area. The Camp can handle 2,000 Marines, and is home to several major exercises each year including Foal Eagle/RSOI, KITP, and UFL. Camp Mujuk, which rests one mile outside the ROK Marine Corps' 1st Marine Division headquarters, is the site of numerous exercises for U.S. Marines training in conjunction with ROK Marines.


  • US NAVAL FORCES KOREA (USNFK)
    • Commander, Navy Forces Korea -- (Yongsan) CNFK is the Navy regional coordinator for the ROK. It provides U.S. Navy expertise to Joint, and Combined Commands for plans, policy, and sustainment ashore of Naval forces in defense of the ROK. It also provides liaison in armistice and wartime to U.S. and ROK Naval forces afloat. The elimination of the CFC in 2012 will also eliminate the CNFK position that was created at the same time. Its headquarters is on Yongsan with detachments in Chinhae and Pohang. (Under the 2002 LPP Plan, CNFK Det-Pohang was to move to Camp Mu-Juk in 2011.) The importance of the Chinhae facilities is the berthing docks for US nuclear subs -- though the Tomahawk missiles are dearmed before entering port. In the future, there will be closer ties with the ROK Navy as a new base for the ROK 3rd Fleet's new FFX destroyers is to be built in Chejudo. (Source: Chosun Ilbo.) New deep-water cargo port facilities between Pusan and Chinhae have tactical advantages for US 7th fleet uses -- including a carrier -- in time of war if called upon in a support role. The ROK has sought to expand its "blue water navy" with the addition of Aegis KDX II & III destroyers, but it came at the expense of its coastal fleet. The ROK Navy Operations Command will move to Busan this year from the southern port of Jinhae, which has served as the center of the Navy since fleets were established in 1953. The Navy Third Fleet will instead relocate from Busan to Mokpo. And Coastal Defense Command, which is now housed in Mokpo, will be dissolved 61 years after its establishment. The Busan operational base will be able to accommodate some 30 war vessels, including 7,000-ton level Aegis-equipped destroyers and the U.S. Navy’s nuclear-propelled aircraft carriers, at a time. It will also serve as a bridgehead for fleets. A naval officer said the relocations are aimed at carrying out joint naval operations with the U.S. more effectively. (NOTE: See Oct 2006 Chosun Ilbo article of first Marine amphibious landing without USFK support. To help alleviate the lack of landing craft, civilian cargo boats were brought into the mix to "analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of employing civilian resources in wartime.") The ROK still must rely on US Navy ships to implement any Marine landings if a counterattack of the North is called for during war time conditions. (NOTE: The ROK Navy fought pitched battles with the DPRK in 2002 and 2004 over the West Sea Maritime Line (ML) that was arbitrarily set by the UN in 1953. The US remains neutral over these confrontations -- as well as confrontations between Japan and the ROK over Tokdo Island (Takeshima/Liancourt Rocks). If tensions escalate, the ROK remains on its own because of the specifics of the 1953 Mutual Defense Pact.)



      Nuclear-powered USS Enterprise docked at ROK Navy 3rd Fleet base at Chinhae (18 May 2006) (NOTE: US submarines and destroyers belonging to the 7th Fleet's carrier battle group also have used this area for docking in the past.)



      USS Chancellorville (CG 62), AEGIS cruiser docked at Pier 8, Pusan (18 May 2006)
      • Navy: Fleet Activities Chinhae -- Fleet Activities Chinhae and its 12 tenant activities provide services and materials to units of the Operating Forces of the U.S. Navy. The command coordinates and arranges port services and other support to visiting U.S. Seventh Fleet units.




    USFK Forces Withdrawn/Relocated since 2004



    • 8th Personnel Command (EAPC) (INACTIVATED 15 JUN 2005) -- 8th Personnel Command ended 25 years of distinguished unit service to the 8th U.S. Army when Col. Michael J. Harris, commander, 8th Personnel Command, and Command Sergeant Major Carlos Martinez-Rivera officially cased 8th PERSCOM's colors in an Inactivation Ceremony held on Yongsan's Knight Field 15 June 2005. The mission of 8th PERSCOM is to sustain personnel readiness and exercise command and control over assigned theater-level personnel units. The theater PERSCOM manages critical personnel systems and synchronizes personnel network operations throughout the theater.The command is headquartered in Yongsan with subordinate units located throughout Korea. The 1st Replacement Company, located in Yongsan, is responsible for controlling and processing all incoming soldiers entering Korea. (See 8th Perscom Website: Welcome to 8th Army G1.) The 509th and 516th Personnel Services Battalions were inactivated as part of the transformation plan for the 8th U.S. Army, 15 Dec 2006. As part of the Army's overall transformation plan, the Personnel Services Delivery Redesign eliminates the need for personnel services battalions. The duties and some of the Soldiers from personnel services battalions transfer to brigade- and battalion-level human resources sections. Historically, when a brigade size element would deploy, the unit would augmented with a team of 10 to 14 personnel soldiers from their supporting PSB to perform the human resources support mission while embedded with the unit. By restructuring the brigade to have these assets already a part of their make-up allows for better human resources service to soldiers in both garrison and deployed environments. (Source: Morning Calm, 22 Dec 2006)


      • 509th Personnel Service BN (INACTIVATED JUN 2006) (Camp Casey) Inactivated 2 Jun 2006. Personnel dispersed to other brigades in May 2006. (Source: Morning Calm, 9 Jun 2006)
      • 516th Personnel Service BN (INACTIVATED DEC 2006) (Camp Humphreys/Camp Henry) The 516th Personnel Services Battalion, the last of its kind on the Korean peninsula, inactivated as part of the transformation plan for the 8th U.S. Army, 15 Dec 2006. The 516th was reorganized and re-designated as the 516th Personnel Services Battalion in 1995 later realigned under 501st Corps Support Group in 2005. As part of the Army's overall transformation plan, the Personnel Services Delivery Redesign eliminates the need for personnel services battalions. The duties and some of the Soldiers from personnel services battalions transfer to brigade- and battalion-level human resources sections. Historically, when a brigade size element would deploy, the unit would augmented with a team of 10 to 14 personnel soldiers from their supporting PSB to perform the human resources support mission while embedded with the unit. By restructuring the brigade to have these assets already a part of their make-up allows for better human resources service to soldiers in both garrison and deployed environments. (Source: Morning Calm, 22 Dec 2006)


    • 23rd Area Support Group (DEACTIVATED 15 JUN 2006) (FUNCTIONS ASSUMED BY U.S. Army Garrison-Humphreys (Area III Support Activity) (Camp Humphreys, Pyeongtaek) The 23rd Area Support Group conducts noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO) of US Citizens and allied nationals if required, and conducts Reception, Staging, Onward movement, and Integration (RSO&I) in the groups AOR and assigned TAAs and establishes and operatees GS LOGBASEs. In 1974, with the activation of the 19th Support Brigade, Camp Humphreys was redesignated as US Army Garrison, Camp Humphreys. In August of 1985 U.S. Army Garrison Camp Humphreys was restructured to support its wartime mission and the flag of the 23rd Support Group was once again unfurled upon the Group's activation. 23rd Support Group is still responsible for supporting personnel stationed at Camp Humphreys, as well as U. S. Army personnel in Area III, such as the Patriot Battalion at Suwon AB, in wartime. The 194th Maintenance Battalion (DS) is organic to the 23rd Support Group with four companies at Camp Humphreys and a newly activated Aviation Intermediate Maintenance Company at Camp Eagle, Wonju. Currently, most Camp Humphreys operations are focused on the airfield, the Army's largest and busiest OCONUS. In addition to six aviation units with fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, key intelligence, signal, medical and logistics organizations operate at Camp Humphreys. (Source: Area III.) Prior to the activation of the Area II Support Activity, those responsibilities fell to the 23rd Support Group. On June 15, 2006 the 23rd Area Support Group, located at Camp Humphreys, was deactivated and rolled into the 501st Sustainment Brigade that included the old 23rd, the 501st Combat Support Group located at Camp Stanley and the 20th Area Support Group located at Camp Carroll. Personnel dispersed to other units. (Source: Morning Calm 21 Apr 2006.)


    • 20th Area Support Group (DEACTIVATED IN JUNE 2006) (FUNCTIONS ASSUMED BY AREA IV SUPPORT ACTIVITY/US GARRISON -- DAEGU) (Camp Henry, Taegu) The 20th Support Group is responsible for all support functions in Area IV. Area IV consists of all areas south of Taejon, to include Camp Carroll in Waegwan, Camps Henry, Walker and George in Taegu, and Pier 8 in Pusan. 20th ASG also supports Marine detachments located at MEC-P in Pohang. This support includes everything from housing, water and electricity - to stop lights, roadway and recreation. (See IMA-K: Area 4.) The Area IV Support Activity was constituted on Oct 16, 2003, in the regular Army as Area IV Support Activity. It is a subordinate unit to the Installation Management Command--Korea Region located at Yongsan Garrison in Seoul, which was activated on Oct 7, 2002. Korea Region reports directly to Installation Management Command, a single organization currently with seven offices worldwide. The Area IV Support Activity assumed the base operations mission from the 20th Area Support Group (subsequently relocated to Camp Carroll and deactivated in June 2004). The Area IV Support Activity is responsible for managing all aspects of US Army installations in Area IV, such as construction; family care; food management; environmental programs; well-being; logistics; and public works in the lower third of the Republic of Korea. Area IV is the largest of the US Army's four geographic regions on the peninsula. It covers 10,000 square miles and stretches from Daejon to Busan, including installations in Daegu. The Area IV Support Activity provides support for five installations and 10 sites. It provides support and services for 38 separate units and agencies in Area IV, which perform a variety of missions in the defense of the Republic of Korea, and about 10,000 US military, KATUSA Soldiers, American and Korean civilian employees, contractors and American family members. The Area IV Support Activity also provides support ot other services in Area IV, including those stationed at Fleet Activities Chinhae (US Navy) in Jinhae, Gwangju Air Base (US Army and US Air Force on a ROK Air Force Installation( in Gwangju, and Camp Mujuk (US Marine Corps) in Pohang. The Area IV Support Activity Good Neighbor Program was named the best worldwide in the ongoing programs category of the Department of the Army Community Relations Award of Excellence competion in fiscal year 2007, for its efforts to build ties with the Korean community. It is the only IMCOM-Korea unit to receive a DA award.
      • 4th Quartermaster Detachment (Area IV) (POSSIBLE REASSIGNED) (Camp Henry) (NOTE: The 4th Quartermaster Detachment (Airborne), a unit assigned at Camp Hialeah since September 1989, effective Dec. 15, 2005 was relocated to Fort Richardson, Alaska, in support of the Army's plan of stationing that provides necessary support elements for the new modular brigades, ensuring the Army is properly postured to fully support all of its strategic commitments.)
      • 23rd Chem BN (REASSIGNED TO FT LEWIS, WA.) (Camp Carroll) Eighth US Army announced on December 17, 2004, that the Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), 23rd Chemical Battalion and two chemical companies had completed their relocation from Korea to Fort Lewis, WA, as the final phase of the chemical decontamination mission transfer to the ROK Army. According to the statement, the transfer of the chemical decontamination mission from the U.S. military to the ROK military had been completed in Aug. 2004 with the US military to eventually transfer 10 missions to the ROK military as part of the Strategic Policy Initiative (SPI) mutually agreed to by both nations. (NOTE: Throughout Korea, the US NBC Decon personnel are supplemented by Korean Service Corps (KSC) Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) employees. KSC is headquarted at Camp Kim, Yongsan.)


    • 23rd Area Support Group (DEACTIVATED 15 JUN 2006) (FUNCTIONS ASSUMED BY U.S. Army Garrison-Humphreys (Area III Support Activity) (Camp Humphreys, Pyeongtaek) The 23rd Area Support Group conducts noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO) of US Citizens and allied nationals if required, and conducts Reception, Staging, Onward movement, and Integration (RSO&I) in the groups AOR and assigned TAAs and establishes and operatees GS LOGBASEs. In 1974, with the activation of the 19th Support Brigade, Camp Humphreys was redesignated as US Army Garrison, Camp Humphreys. In August of 1985 U.S. Army Garrison Camp Humphreys was restructured to support its wartime mission and the flag of the 23rd Support Group was once again unfurled upon the Group's activation. 23rd Support Group is still responsible for supporting personnel stationed at Camp Humphreys, as well as U. S. Army personnel in Area III, such as the Patriot Battalion at Suwon AB, in wartime. The 194th Maintenance Battalion (DS) is organic to the 23rd Support Group with four companies at Camp Humphreys and a newly activated Aviation Intermediate Maintenance Company at Camp Eagle, Wonju. Currently, most Camp Humphreys operations are focused on the airfield, the Army's largest and busiest OCONUS. In addition to six aviation units with fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, key intelligence, signal, medical and logistics organizations operate at Camp Humphreys. (Source: Area III.) Prior to the activation of the Area II Support Activity, those responsibilities fell to the 23rd Support Group. On June 15, 2006 the 23rd Area Support Group, located at Camp Humphreys, was deactivated and rolled into the 501st Sustainment Brigade that included the old 23rd, the 501st Combat Support Group located at Camp Stanley and the 20th Area Support Group located at Camp Carroll. Personnel dispersed to other units. (Source: Morning Calm 21 Apr 2006.)


    • 34th Area Support Group (INACTIVATED IN SEPT 2006) (FUNCTIONS ASSUMED BY U.S. Army Garrison-Yongsan (Area II Support Activity) (Yongsan) The 34th Support Group's responsibilities include installation base operations and support to all units in Area II, some twenty-two installations/sub installations with a supported population in excess of 23,000 personnel. Yongsan serves as the entertainment hub for the peninsula with thousands of U.S. Military and civilian personnel coming to The Dragon Hill Lodge, 121st General Hospital, Yongsan Commissary, Army and Air Force Exchange Service facilities, as well as the numerous Morale, Welfare and Recreation activities provided. The 34TH Support Group and Area II includes Yongsan Garrison, K-16 Airfield, Niblo Barracks, Madison Site, FED Compound, Camp Gray Annex, Camp Market, Camp Morse, Sungnam Golf Course, Tango, Kimpo Postal Facilities, Koryosan ASA, EUSA Retreat Center, and Yongin. The 34th Support Group inactivated in September 2004 and functions passed to the Area II Support Activity.


    • 473rd Field Service Company, 501st Sustainment Brigade -- (REASSIGNED) Provides shower, laundry, delousing, and renovation support to divisional and non-divisional units. (NOTE: Stars and Stripes stated in 2005, "The 473rd Quartermaster Company is relocating from Camp Kyle in Uijongbu to Hunter Army Airfield, Ga., where it will be assigned to U.S. Forces Command, said officials at the Army's 19th Theater Support Command in Taegu, South Korea." The move to Georgia is part of the Pentagon's ongoing downsizing of U.S. forces in South Korea, the Army said. With the company's departure, the Army plans to use civilian contractors to provide laundry and shower services in the field, officials said.")

    • 1st BDE, 2nd Infantry Division
      • 2nd BN, 72nd Armor Rgt (DEPLOYED TO IRAQ; REMOVED FROM 1st BDE, 2d ID IN AUG 2004.) 2nd Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment soldiers told Stars and Stripes in 2005 that they were preparing many of the battalion's Abrams Main Battle Tanks for transport to the United States. Data from the U.S. Army's official Web site and GlobalSecurity.org suggest that if and when 2-72 inactivates, the number of 8th Army tanks in South Korea will have dropped from 140 to 55.) -- 58 - M1A1 MBT (Camp Casey)


    • 2nd BDE, 2nd Infantry Division "Strike Force" (DEPLOYED TO IRAQ IN 2004: REMOVED FROM USFK IN AUG 2004) (Camp Hovey, Tongduchon-Ni) -- In Feb 2004, 2nd Bde moved into its new command center, touting it as a kind of above-ground bunker -- with blast-proof doors and windows. The two-story, 12,000-squarefoot building allows the brigade's command staff to finally gather under one roof. The $2.3 million project began in March 2002, with most construction completed by October 2002. Funding came from Congress. In Jun 2004, the 2d Bde was flagged for permanently departure from the ROK due to the ROK failure to deliver on its promise of 3,600 troops for Iraq. Departure was slated for August 2004, but details of exact mix unknown. The 2nd Bde is known as a "mixed brigade" with 2 light infantry air assault battalions (1-503 INF (L), Camp Casey, Co. C Cp Hovey, and 1-506 INF (L), Camp Greaves (to be returned to ROK under LPP in Nov 2004) and 1 mechanized battalion with 58 M2A3 Bradley (1-9 INF (M)).


  • 17th Aviation Brigade (EAAV) (INACTIVATED 16 JUNE 2005) -- The 17th Aviation Brigade is headquartered in Yongsan with the 1st Battalion, 52nd Aviation Regiment at K-16; the 2nd Bn, 52nd Avn. Regt. at Camp Humphreys; and the 4-58th Airfield Operations Battalion at Yongsan, and with elements located throughout the peninsula. From its inception in 1965, the soldiers of the 17th Avn Bde have performed with distinction in both peacetime and combat, while remaining as the "CUTTING EDGE" of freedom in the Republic. The 1st Bn, 52nd Avn. Regt. provides combat aviation support to USFK, ROK-US CFC and EUSA with UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters and C-12 Huron fixed wing aircraft. The 2nd Bn, 52nd Avn. Regt. is the only unit in the Korean theater that provides medium lift support assets to USFK, CFC and EUSA, utilizing CH-47 Chinhook helicopters. The 164th ATS Gp provides air traffic services and Army Airspace Command and Control (A2C2) throughout the entire Korean theater in support of all Army aviation operations. (NOTE: Orbat also lists: 4-52 AVN (Attk), Camp Page, (disbanded?); and 6-52 AVN fixed wing aircraft) The 17th Aviation Brigade inactivated 16 June 2005. The transformation by Eighth Army units to modular organizations enhances the capability to perform its? deterrence mission in the Republic of Korea by making them more quickly deployable, flexible and lethal than currently structured. Six battalions now are in the brigade.


  • 6th Cavalry Brigade (EABH) (REPLACED BY EUSA MFAB ON 16 JUNE 2005) (Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek) -- The mission of the 6th CAV Bde (Air Combat) was to conduct Attack Helicoper Operations as the reserve for the CINC CFC in support of his campaign plan. 6th CAV was headquartered at Camp Humphreys. The 1st and 3rd Squadrons consist of AH-64 Attack Helicopters and were located at Cps Eagle and Humphreys. As of early 2001 there were 48 Apaches in South Korea. The third Korea-based unit of 24 craft [1st Battalion / 2nd Aviation Rgt] returned in late 2001 from the United States with an upgraded version of the attack helicopter. In the Korean theater, the three Apache battalions are dedicated to missions critical to the OPLAN: support of 2d Infantry Division operations (1-2 Aviation), and anti-special operations forces (anti-SOF) and deep attack operations (1-6 and 3-6 Cavalry). The 2nd Sqdn, 6th Cavalry Rgt (Attack) was transfered from the USFK in FY 2006 to the 25th Inf Div, Aviation Bde.

    The 8th U.S. Army's Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB) was officially formed as the 2nd Aviation Brigade -- 16 June 2005 marked the activation the 2nd Multi-Functional Aviation Brigade (MFAB). The newly consolidated aviation unit includes Apache Longbow attack helicopters, UH-60 Blackhawk utility helicopters, CH-47 Chinook medium lift helicopters and manages the Eighth Army C-12 Huron (fixed wing aircraft) detachment. The 8th U.S. Army aviation took a big step by transforming its brigades into multifunction aviation brigades when elements of the 17th Aviation Brigade consolidated with the 3-6 Attack Helicopter Battalion from the 6th Cavalry Brigade. The 6th Cavalry cased its colors.




  • Aviation BDE, 2nd Infantry Division (REPLACED BY EUSA MFAB; RELOCATED CAMP HUMPHREYS) (Camp Stanley, Uijongbu) Aviation brigades located at the corps level or below which historically consist of two to four Aviation battalions. As the Army goes through transformation, the current Aviation brigades will become Aviation Units of Action (UA). Their configuration will reflect a composite structure that is easily adaptive, expeditionary, able to deploy on short notice, and capable of conducting the entire spectrum of Aviation operations as part of a joint task force. The Army is transitioning from seventeen tactical Aviation brigades in 2004, to eleven Aviation UAs by 2008. The EUSA 2nd Aviation Brigade at Camp Humphreys, later redesignated the 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade, appears to be subordinated to the 2nd Infantry Division, rather than to 8th Army directly. This new numbered Brigade appears to have replaced the 2 ID Aviation Brigade, which was a rather unsubtantial entity to begin with, lacking lineage, insignia or any other apparent indicator of corporate existence.
    • 1st BN, 2nd Aviation Rgt (Attack) (CAMP PAGE CLOSED IN 2005 UNDER LPP PROGRAM; TRANSFERRED TO CAMP HUMPHREYS. Under the 2nd ID, the 1st Btn 2nd Aviation Rgt formerly of Camp Page (closed) with 24 AH-64Ds relocated to Camp Humphreys temporarily in preparation for rotation out of Korea.) -- 24 - AH-64D Apache attack helicopters (Camp Page, Chunchon City) (As of early 2001 there were 48 Apaches in South Korea. The third Korea-based unit of 24 craft [1st Battalion / 2nd Aviation Rgt] returned in late 2001 from the United States with an upgraded version of the attack helicopter. In the Korean theater, the three Apache battalions are dedicated to missions critical to the OPLAN: support of 2d Infantry Division operations (1-2 Aviation), and anti-special operations forces (anti-SOF) and deep attack operations (1-6 and 3-6 Cavalry). Although the DPRK Scud Belt is within range of Combined Forces Command (CFC) attack helicopters, it is highly unlikely that an attack helicopter battalion will be dedicated solely to Theater Missile Defense [TMD] operations due to prioritization. Given the combat power of these attack helicopter units and the criticality of their assigned missions, the likelihood that one of these essential missions will be replaced by TMD is exceedingly slim. In 2005, Camp Page closed and 1-2 Aviation with its 24 AH-64Ds were scheduled to rotate out of Korea permanently.) (RESEARCH REQUIRED: STILL LISTED IN GLOBAL SECURITY AS PART OF 2ND AVIATION BDE) 24 - AH-64D Apache attack helicopters Formerly at Camp Page. In 2005, Camp Page closed and 1-2 Aviation with its 24 AH-64Ds were scheduled to rotate out of Korea permanently. In FY 2006, the 1-2 Aviation was transferred to the 25th Inf Div, Aviation Bde.
    • 1st Sq, 6th Cavalry Rgt (Attack) (Became 3rd Battalion, 4th Aviation Regiment (3-4 AVN): Fort Hood, Texas (Source: AH-64 units.)) -- 24 - AH-64D (Camp Eagle, Wonju) (As of early 2001 there were 48 Apaches in South Korea. The third Korea-based unit of 24 craft [1st Battalion / 2nd Aviation Rgt] returned in late 2001 from the United States with an upgraded version of the attack helicopter. In the Korean theater, the three Apache battalions are dedicated to missions critical to the OPLAN: support of 2d Infantry Division operations (1-2 Aviation), and anti-special operations forces (anti-SOF) and deep attack operations (1-6 and 3-6 Cavalry). In 2005, Camp Page closed and 1-2 Aviation with its 24 AH-64Ds rotated out of Korea permanently. In FY 2006, the 1-2 Aviation was transferred to the 25th Inf Div, Aviation Bde.)
    • 2nd BN, 2nd Aviation Rgt (Assault) (TRANSFERRED TO CAMP HUMPHREYS) -- 58 - UH-60L (Camp Stanley, Uijongbu) (NOTE: Orbat lists 24 UH-60 helicopters)
    • 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry (CAMP GARY OWEN AND CAMP STANTON CLOSED 2005 UNDER LPP PROGRAM) -- 27 - M1A1 MBT; 41 - M3A2 BFV; 6 - M1064; 16 - OH-58D (Camp Gary Owen, Munsan (Gnd) ; Camp Stanton, Tonggo-ri City (Air)) (Camp Stanton in Paju returned under LPP in 2004-2006.) (NOTE: Orbat lists: 43 M3 CFV, 27 M1A1 MBT, 6 M106 SPM, 16 OH-58D)


    • Engineer BDE, 2nd Infantry Division (Formerly 1st Eng Bde, 2d ID) (NOTE: STOOD DOWN IN 2005) (Camp Howze, Hongilchon) (Camp Howze in Paju returned under LPP in 2004-2006.) (NOTE: Orbat also lists: 50th Engineer Company, Cp LaGuardia, Uijongbu; 2 Engineer Coy (CSE), Cp Edwards, Kumchon) (Camp LaGuardia returned under LPP in 2004 and Camp Edwards returned in 2005.) The Brigade consists of a Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, and the 2nd and 44th Combat Engineer Battalions. Corps assets currently attached to the Brigade include the 50th Engineer Company (Assault Float Brigade) and the 82D Engineer Company (Combat Support Equipment). Korean augmentation includes the 3rd and 7th Korean Service Corps Companies. The Engineer Brigade was formed from elements of the 2nd Engineer Group. The group came to Korea shortly after the outbreak of hostilities in 1950 and received several Meritorious Unit Commendations between 1950 and 1953. After the war, the group assumed its mission as the area engineer for Seoul and Inchon. The group occupied several camps in Korea; among them, Camps Richmond and Coiner. At the time, the group was composed of the 44th and 802nd Engineer Battalions (Combat Heavy). In August 1991, the group moved to Camp Hovey where it was reorganized in November 1991 to become the Engineer Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. The Engineer Brigade was soon after relocated to Camp Howze where it is today. (Camp Howze in Paju returned under LPP in 2004-2006.)

      • HHD "Crusaders"
      • 2nd Engineer BN (See 2nd Eng Brigade: 2nd Eng BN) (Camp Castle, Tongduchon) -- (Camp Castle served as home to the 2nd Engineer Battalion (known colloquially as "Two E") from 1972 to 2004. MOVED FROM CASTLE TO ???) Combat Engineers On 1 July 1965 the 2nd Engineer Battalion was transferred to Korea with the 2nd Infantry Division, less personnel and equipment. On 16 October 1991, they became a mechanized engineer unit, and on 16 February 1992, officially became part of the 1st Engineer Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. Company E was redesignated the 50th Engineer Company (Assault Float Bridge) and was also reattached to the battalion, to continue its long association with the unit. The mission of the 2nd Engineer Battalion as the most forward deployed engineers in the U.S Army remains vital to peace and freedom on the Korean peninsula. In 2005, the Stars and Stripes reported that the 2nd Engineer Battalion was likely to stand down. According to battalion veterans said earlier this year that the Army had informed them their old unit will inactivate this summer. Retired 2nd Engineer Maj. Arden Rowley, 74, of Mesa, Ariz., who spent 33 months as a North Korean prisoner of war after being captured at Kunu-ri, said he attended the unit's last Burning of the Colors ceremony at Camp Casey only after hearing the 2nd Engineer Battalion was to be inactivated as part of transformation. "I wanted to make sure I came to this one because it could have been the last," he said. "If there is no 2nd Engineers, they won't keep burning the flag." The ceremony commemorates when the unit burned the flag rather than surrender it to the enemy. (See 1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion) :
        • HHC
        • A Company
        • B Company
        • C Company
        • 50th Engineer Company (AFB) -- The 50th Engineer Company was previously designated Company E, 2nd Engineer Battalion. In 1992 it was redesignated as the 50th Engineer Co and was reattached to the battalion. The 50th Engineer Co is located at Camp Laguardia, South Korea. (Camp LaGuardia was returned under the LPP in 2004. Unit location unknown.)
      • 44th Engineer BN (Combat) (2ND BDE, 2ND ID AT FORT CARSON) (Camp Howze, Hongilchon) (Camp Howze in Paju returned under LPP in 2004-2006.) -- Combat Heavy Engineers. The 44th Engineer Battalion was assigned 17 February 1992 to the 2d Infantry Division. (See 2nd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division "Strike Force"at Ft. Carson, CO..)


      • 4th Quartermaster BN (REDESIGNATED) Redesignated as 4th Quartermaster Detachment (Camp Henry)) The 4th Quartermaster Detachment (Airborne), a unit assigned at Camp Hialeah since September 1989, effective Dec. 15, 2005 was relocated to Fort Richardson, Alaska, in support of the Army’s plan of stationing that provides necessary support elements for the new modular brigades, ensuring the Army is properly postured to fully support all of its strategic commitments.


      • 6th Ordnance BN (UNCERTAIN OF ALIGNMENT) (Camp Carroll)
        • 65th Ordnance Company (near Chun'chon (Camp Page)) (INACTIVATED IN DEC 2005) -- (NOTE: In Dec 2005, 65th Ordnance Company cased its colors at Camp Casey. The 65th Ordnance Company was the most forward-deployed in the 6th Ordnance Battalion and was responsible for managing more than 41,000 tons of ammunition covering 410 square miles at dozens of points along the Demilitarized Zone. The company was given two months notice that it was going to be deactivated -- about the same time the ROK took over the return fire mission and the USFK officially stepped out of providing munitions for the under the now extinct WRSA-K system.)


      • The 2nd Military Police Company held its inactivation ceremony at Camp Casey on May 20, 2005.


    • 102nd Military Intelligence BN (INACTIVATED 2005) (Camp Essayons) (A/B company) The 102nd Military Intelligence Battalion provides combat intelligence and electronic support to the Warriors of the 2nd Infantry Division. This support consists of ground surveillance, force protection, interrogation of prisoners of war, electronic support and electronic attack assets. A unique aspect of this mission is the fact U.S. Army and Korean soldiers live and serve together in all the battalion's companies. The 102nd Military Intelligence Battalion was constituted on 16 September 1981 in the Regular Army as the 102nd Military Intelligence Battalion, it was assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division, and activated in Korea. The 329th Army Security Agency Company and the 2nd Military Intelligence Company were reorganized and redesignated Companies A and B respectively. Inactivated 2005 upon closure of Camp Essayons. (See Stars and Stripes, Oct 2005.)

      • A Company -- Formerly 329th Army Security Agency (ASA) Company
      • B Company -- Formerly 2nd Military Intelligence Company


    • 1st Signal Brigade


      • 307th Signal BN (REASSIGNED TO FT SHAFTER, HI) (Camp Caroll) 307th Integrated Theater Signal Battalion leaves 1st Sig Bde in Oct 2006. The battalion's Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, Bravo and Charlie companies will redeploy to the 516th Signal Brigade located at Fort Shafter, Hawaii (its Alpha Company will be reassigned to Alaska).


    • 1st BN, 43 ADA Rgt (ROTATION TO FORT BLISS; REPLACED BY 1-7ADA MAY 2007.) -- 48 Patriot PAC-3. (Suwon, Kunsan, Osan) The 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery has Patriot batteries at Osan and Kunsan Air Base on South Korea's western coast and Suwon Air Base, a South Korean air force installation. Since 1994, 48 fire units of Patriot missiles have been deployed at Suwon, Osan and Kunsan airbases in South Korea. Suwon Air Base is a Republic of Korea Air Base, on which is housed the 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery. The unit's mission is to defend against air attack. The 1st Battalion (PATRIOT), 43rd Air Defense Artillery is a six firing battery, Echelon Above Corps PATRIOT Missile Battalion with a Headquarters and Headquarters Battery and a direct support maintenance company. A battery is composed of eight launchers of PAC-2 and PAC-3 missiles, each having 4 and 16 interceptors, respectively. 1-43 ADA assumed its mission in the Republic of Korea in October 1994. All Patriot missiles in ROK upgraded to PAC-3 in Sep 2005. Currently, HHB, two firing batteries (Alpha and Bravo), and the 3rd Combat Support Company reside at Suwon Air Base. The 1st Battalion, 43rd ADA Regiment, 35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade in Oct 2005 transformed into an Air and Missile Defense (composite) Battalion and operated both Avenger and Patriot missiles. On 17 May 2007, the 1st Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery arrived at Suwon AB from Fort Bliss to start switching places with the 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery, which has begun returning to Fort Bliss after 13 years in South Korea.
      • HHB - Suwon AB;
      • Battery A/B - Suwon AB;
      • Battery C/D - Osan AB;
      • Battery E/F - Kunsan AB;
      • 3rd MNT CO
      • Delta Battery, 5th BN, 5th ADA (Avenger) -- Camp Stanley (See 2d ID) (On 5 May 2006, a training exercise was reported for Echo Battery, 1st Battalion, 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment, 35th ADA Brigade, an Avenger battery stationed at Camp Casey with 24 avenger teams. (Morning Calm 5 May 2006).)

    USFK PRIMARY ARMY WEAPONS SYSTEMS:

    M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank:

    Specifications: These tanks augment the 2,200 tanks in the ROK inventory.

    The M1A1 is the first major block improvement to the M1 ABRAMS Tank System and provides a significant improvement to the Army's offensive ground combat power as displayed during Operation Desert Storm. This block upgrade includes the 120mm M256 cannon, improved fire control system, and NBC overpressure system, and improved suspension. These improvements give the M1A1 greater shoot-on-the move capabilities and an increased first round probability against advanced enemy armor. A new configuration is currently under development that will incorporate the Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2) computer and software and a far target designate capability. The M1A1 is fielded throughout the US Army, the US Marine Corps, and is being coproduced for the Government of Egypt.


    M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank

    This tank significantly increases the capabilities of the Fleet Marine Forces across the full spectrum of conflict in the near and midterm. The M1A1 Tank, in addition to the improved armor, 120mm smoothbore gun and the NBC overpressure system, has a Deep Water Fording Kit (DWFK), a Position Location Reporting Systems (PLRS), enhanced ship tiedowns, Digital Electronic Control Unit (DECU) (which allows significant fuel savings),and Battlefield Override.

    The main weapon of the M1A1 is the M256 120mm smoothbore cannon, designed by the Rheinmetall Corporation of Germany. Engagement ranges approaching 4000 meters were successfully demonstrated during Operation Desert Storm. The primary armor-defeating ammunition of this weapon is the armor-piercing, fin-stabilized, discarding sabot (APDS-FS) round, which features a depleted uranium penetrators. Depleted uranium has density two and a half times greater than steel and provides high penetration characteristics. Several other types of ammunition are available as well. It is reliable, deadly accurate and has a "hit/kill ratio" that equals or surpasses any main battle tank armament in the world.

    As with virtually every tank every fielded by the US, the familiar .50 caliber Browning M2 Heavy Barrel machine gun - the "Ma Duce" - is located in a powered mount at the Commander's station and is equipped with a x3 magnification sight. The Loader is provided with a 7.62mm M240 machine gun, and another M240 is mounted in-line with the main gun of the tank ("coaxially"). It is in a fixed mount and is aimed with the main gun to suppress enemy ground troops.

    The layout of the Abrams follows classic tank design and accommodates a crew of four: Commander, Gunner, Loader and Driver. The Commander and Gunner are seated on the right side of the turret. The Loader is seated on the left side of the turret, and the Driver is seated at the center front of the hull.


    M1A1 Abrams Main Battle Tank

    The Commander's station is equipped with six periscopes which provide all round 360 degree view. The Independent Thermal Viewer (ITV) from Texas Instruments provides him with independent, stabilized day and night vision with a 360 degree view, automatic sector scanning, automatic target cueing of the Gunner's sight with no need for verbal communication, and a complete back-up fire control system - the Commander is capable of firing the main gun independent of the Gunner.

    The Gunner's Primary Sight-Line of Sight (GPS-LOS), was developed by the Electro-Optical Systems Division of Hughes Aircraft Company. The night vision Thermal Imaging System (TIS), also from Hughes, creates an image based on the differences of heat radiated by objects in the field of view. The thermal image is displayed in the eyepiece of the Gunner's sight together with the range measurement to within 10 meters of accuracy, from a Hughes laser range finder, which is integrated into all of the fire control systems. The Abrams also has an onboard digital fire control computer. Range data from the laser rangefinder is transferred directly to the fire control computer, which automatically calculates the fire control solution. The data includes 1) the lead angle measurement, 2) the bend of the gun measured by the muzzle reference system of the main armament, 3) wind velocity measurement from a wind sensor on the roof of the turret and 4) the data from a pendulum static cant sensor located at the center of the turret roof. The Gunner or Commander manually inputs the data on the ammunition type and temperature, and the barometric pressure and the weapon is prepared for engagement.

    The Loader's station is located on the left side of the turret and has no special fire control equipment.

    The Driver's station is located at the center front of the hull. The Driver is in a semi-reclined position when his hatch is closed, as it must be whenever the vehicle is in operation. His station is equipped with a standard array of gages and monitors reflecting the condition of vehicle fluid levels, batteries and electrical equipment. The Driver has either three observation periscopes or two periscopes on either side and a central image intensifying ("Starlight") periscope for night vision. The periscopes provide 120 degrees field of view. The Driver's night vision equipment enables the tank to maneuver at normal daytime driving speeds in darkness and in poor visibility conditions such as in the dust and smoke encountered on the battlefield.

    The turret is fitted with two six-barreled M250 smoke grenade launchers, one on each side of the main gun. The standard smoke grenade contains a phosphors compound that masks thermal signature of the vehicle to the enemy. A smoke screen can also be laid by an engine operated system.

    An improvement program will eventually upgrade all M1A1 tanks with steel encased depleted uranium armor, which has a density at least two-and-a-half times greater than steel. The depleted uranium armor will raise the total weight of the Abrams tank to 65 tons, but offers vastly improved protection in the bargain.

    The Abrams has been using Depleted Uranium (DU) armor since 1988. In 1996, a design change to the armor package was made by the Army and cut-in to production by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) via Change Request XMPP-2083 in Oct 96 and effective with Job #1 M1A2 Phase II AUT. The use of DU armor is a primary feature that distinguishes the Abrams tank from numerous other commonly accepted equipment employed by the military and industry. The current use of the depleted uranium (DU) armor package on the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank (MBT) Heavy Armor System has been re-evaluated to determine whether the environmental impacts of its continued use remain insignificant, taking into consideration the current use of the tank and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) reduction in allowable radiation exposure from 500 mrem/year to 100 mrem/year for tank and maintenance crews (individual members of the public). As in already-fielded weapon system, M1 MBTs have been in production and in the field since the early 1980s. During that time, many technical, environmental and health assessments have been completed. These documents have addressed and minimized environmental impacts.

    The stowage for the main armament ammunition is in armored ammunition boxes behind sliding armor doors. Armor bulkheads separate the crew compartment from the fuel tanks. The tank is equipped with an automatic Halon fire extinguishing system. This system automatically activates within 2 milliseconds of either a flash or a fire within the various compartments of the vehicle. The top panels of the tank are designed to blow outwards in the event of penetration by a HEAT projectile. Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) warfare protection is provided by an overpressure clean-air conditioning air system, a radiological warning system, and a chemical agent detector. The crew are individually equipped with protective suits and masks.

    The Marine Corps has fielded the M1A1 Common Tank to replace the aging M60A1 Rise/Passive tank. The M60 has reached the end of its service life and lacks the capability to survive and to defeat the threats expected to be encountered on the modern battlefield. During Operation Desert Shield/Storm, the Marine Corps borrowed 60 M1A1s (called the M1A1 Heavy Armor) from the US Army. There were also 16 Marine Corps M1A1 Tanks delivered on an accelerated schedule for employment during the operation. This total of 76 M1A1 tanks was employed by 2d Tank Battalion and elements of 4th Tank Battalion. The M1A1 tanks saw immediate action during the I Marine Expeditionary Force (IMEF) drive through the burning Kuwaiti oil fields. All loaned tanks were returned to the US Army after Desert Storm.

    Due to unique Marine Corps amphibious requirements, and the need for both supportability and interoperability between the Marine Corps and the US Army, the two services agreed to jointly produce the M1A1 Main Battle Tank. The M1A1 MBT has the capability to conduct operations ashore. It is compatible with all US Navy amphibious ships and craft (to include the LCAC) and Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS). The USMC completed fielding of all tanks, to include active, reserve, MPS, and depot maintenance float (DMF) during FY 96.

    In 1995 the 26th MEU became the first amphibiously deployed unit to carry the M1A1. This added some complication to the logistics of the unit due to the tank's weight. Topping the scales at over 68 tons the vehicle requires special care during amphibious operations. One tank can be carried at a time on an Air Cushioned Landing Craft (LCAC), two on a Landing Craft Utility (LCU), but only during fairly calm seas. For operations with the Marine Corps, tanks have been equipped with special fording systems. These modifications include extended air intake and exhaust tubes that allow the vehicles to cross rivers and shallow waters such as the surf zones that Marines operate in.

    The M1A1 Abrams Tank Firepower Enhancement Program (FEP), a Marine Corps Systems Command initiative, is intended to increase the all weather, day and night target acquisition and engagement ranges and provide a far target location capability for the M1A1 Tank. The FEP system will include a scope of work that entails a suite of upgrades for the M1A1 Tank. These upgrades include a second-generation thermal sight and a north finding/target locating capability. The system will increase the tank crew's ability to detect, recognize, identify and accurately locate targets.

    The Abrams Integrated Management (AIM) program is completely rebuilding every M1A1 Abrams tank in U.S. Army Europe over a three year perios. The AIM program is a part of the Recapitalization Program that was established to extend the life of the Army's aging legacy equipment. AIM will provide long-term sustainment of M1A1 Abrams tanks through fiscal year 2025. Higher-than- normal mileage for the tanks during operations in the Balkans and training in Germany made the overhaul necessary. The Military Traffic Management Command's (MTMC's) 838th Transportation Battalion at Rotterdam, The Netherlands, received the first tanks for shipment to the United States in September 2000. Up to 75 percent of the tanks were not operational. MTMC transported the tanks to Anniston Army Depot, Alabama, where they are be disassembled. The hull, turret, engine, and other parts are sent to the tank production plant in Lima, Ohio, to be reworked. MTMC returns the rebuilt tanks to Europe, where they will be swapped one-for-one with tanks that still need repair. The first shipment of rebuilt tanks arrive in Europe by fall 2001.

    M2A2 and M3A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle:

    M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS) Specifications: The M2/M3 BFVS family consists of the M2/M2A1/M2A2/M2A3 Infantry Fighting Vehicle, the M3/M3A1/M3A2/M3A3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle and derivatives of these vehicles including: manpads under armor - the integration of the STINGER Missile System into the M2A2/M3A3 vehicles; Bradley fire support team vehicles and the command group vehicle variants.


    M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle

    The mission of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle [BFV] is to provide mobile protected transport of an infantry squad to critical points on the battlefield and to perform cavalry scout missions. The BFVS will also provide overwatching fires to support dismounted infantry and to suppress or defeat enemy tanks and other fighting vehicles. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle is a fully armored, fully tracked vehicle designed to carry Mechanized Infantry into close contact with the enemy. It possesses sufficient cross-country mobility to keep up with the Abrams Main Battle Tank, medium and long-range firepower capable of defeating any vehicle on the battlefield, and is adequately armored to protect the crew from artillery and small arms threats. During World War II, the vehicle's namesake, General Omar Bradley, was known as the "GI General".

    The Bradley is able to close with and destroy enemy forces in support of mounted and dismounted Infantry and Cavalry combat operations. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle family currently consists of two vehicles: the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle and the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle. Just as with its predecessor, the M113 family, the Bradley will eventually be the platform for a wide range of support vehicles.

    Unlike the M113 family of vehicles the Bradley replaces, this is not simply a "battle taxi". The Bradley is a sophisticated weapons platform capable of providing tremendous firepower in direct support of the Infantry it carries. The role of the Bradley is to

    • Safely transport Infantry to critical locations on the battlefield;
    • Provide fire support to cover their dismounted operations, and
    • Destroy enemy tanks and other vehicles that may threaten the Infantry it carries
    The Bradley's main armament is the M242 25mm "Bushmaster" Chain Gun, manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. The M242 has a single barrel with an integrated dual-feed mechanism and remote ammunition selection. Either armor piercing (AP) or high explosive (HE) ammunition may be selected with the flick of a switch. The Gunner may select from single or multiple shot modes. The standard rate of fire is 200 rounds per minute, and has a range of 2,000 meters (depending on the ammunition used). A wide range of ammunition has been developed for this weapon, making it capable of defeating the majority of armored vehicles it is likely to encounter, up to and including some main battle tanks. The M240C machine gun, mounted to right of the Bushmaster, fires 7.62mm rounds.

    When facing heavier enemy armor the Bradley relies on the TOW Anti-Tank Missile, manufactured by the Hughes Aircraft. Launched from a smooth tube launcher, the missile's wings and tail fins are folded inside its body until launch. Two of these missiles are carried ready to fire in a collapsible, armored launch rack on the left of the turret. The Bradley must stop in order to fire these missiles, which are them reloaded by the Infantrymen in the back of the vehicle, using a special hatch which provides armor protection during the reload operation. The missile is equipped with a massive shaped charge, high explosive warhead and is propelled by a two-stage solid propellant motor. The range of the TOW missile is nearly 4 kilometers and the missile will reach a speed of almost Mach 1 on its way to the target. This weapon is capable of destroying any armored vehicle in existence today and is deadly accurate.

    The wide tracks and 600 horsepower turbo-diesel power plant give the vehicle the mobility it needs to keep up with the Abrams, and keep the soldiers it carries out of harms way. In order to fulfil the requirement for rapid worldwide deployability, the Bradley can be transported by truck, rail, ship and transporter aircraft. In addition, all Bradleys are amphibious. Early models were equipped with a water barrier, which is erected by the crew before entering the water – a procedure that takes about 30 minutes. Later models have an inflatable pontoon, which fits on the front and sides of the vehicle. This pontoon is inflated in about 15 minutes, and is continuously pressurized during operation. The pontoon is compartmentalized to provide protection against sinking in the event of rupture of the pontoon. Water propulsion is provided by tracks which propel the vehicle at about 4 MPH.

    The vehicle's reliability, survivability and lethality has surpassed initial expectations. Of the 2,200 Bradleys involved in Operation Desert Storm, only three were disabled. In fact, more enemy armored vehicles were destroyed by Bradleys than by the Abrams Main Battle Tanks!

    The M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle [IFV] is a fully tracked, lightly armored vehicle that offers significant improvements over the M113 series of armored personnel carriers. The M2 possesses greater power, greater acceleration, and an advanced suspension for a significant increase in cross-country speed. Like the M113, the primary purpose of the M2 is to carry infantryman on the battlefield, and transport and support them with fire if necessary. The M2 Bradley carries a crew of three (Commander, Gunner & Driver) and a six-man Infantry section into combat.

    The M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle [CFV] is exactly the same chassis as the M2 IFV with some minor internal differences. The M3 is a cavalry/scout vehicle, instead of carrying 6 dismounts in the payload compartment, the M3 carries a pair of scouts, additional radios, ammunition, and TOW and Dragon or Javelin missile rounds. In fact, the only noticeable differences between the M2 and the M3 are that the external firing ports for the squad M16s are absent on the M3.

    In the early 1980s the U.S. began a new form of vulnerability experimentation called Live-Fire Testing (LFT). In LFT, a complete vehicle, such as a tank or armored personnel carrier, is placed in full battle readiness, engine running, full load of fuel and ammunition, and fired at with an overmatching threat. Only the absence of a live crew compromises actual encounter realism. Congressional legislation had been passed recognizing that in spite of design limits defining absolute protection, systems should nevertheless be tested according to threats expected to be encountered. Many such threats could be overmatching. The issue was to mitigate and ameliorate such events. In addition, LFT can uncover vulnerabilities not foreseen by vehicle designers and improve survivability.

    The first LFTs occurred against the M113 armored personnel carrier. Bradley live-fire actually began before the M113 tests, but the M113 firings were completed first. For the most part, these results were noncontroversial. By 1985, testing had begun on the more modern Bradley fighting vehicle. To accompany field testing, the program test plans required that vulnerability models be used both to predict and, subsequently, to be upgraded by actual LFT results. As the test proceeded and the results were compared to model predictions, an apparent pattern of disagreement began to emerge. Critics in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) questioned the fidelity of existing ballistic vulnerability modeling.

    By the end of 1994 the Army had produced a total of 6,724 Bradleys, 4,641 in the M2 Infantry configuration and 2,083 in the M3 Cavalry configuration. Three versions of the M2/M3 have been procured: 2,300 "basic," or A0 Bradleys; 1,371 A1 Bradleys which incorporates the TOW 2 missile subsystem; and 3,053 A2 "high survivability" vehicles. Following Desert Storm the Army conducted depot conversion of A0 and A1 Bradleys to the A2 configuration, modifying 1,423 A2s to the A2 ODS configuration, and preparing to upgrade 1,602 A2s to the A3 configuration. M2/3A0s and A1s continued to be upgraded to the A2 configuration in FY96. Selected M2/3A2s were modified with the ODS upgrade package through FY02. The First Unit Equipped (FUE) for the A2 ODS variant was FY96.

    M113A3 Gavin Armored Personnel Carrier (APC):

    The M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier is in use in large numbers throughout Korea by various units as a combat troop transport or ammunition carriers/support vehicles. It is assigned to numerous units, including USAF Security Forces.

    The M113 APC was the first modern "battle taxi"; developed to transport infantry forces on the mechanized battlefield. It is fitted with a 2 stroke six cylinder Detroit diesel providing power through a 3 speed automatic gearbox and steering differential. The main armament is a single .50 Cal heavy barrel machine gun, and the secondary armament is a single .30 Cal machine gun. The M113 is built of aircraft quality aluminum which allows it to possess some of the same strengths as steel at a much lighter weight. This distinct weight advantage allows the M113 to utilize a relatively small engine to power the vehicle, as well as carry a large payload cross-country. The vehicle is capable of "swimming" bodies of water.

    The vehicle is not mission capable if any one track shoe is damaged. If the M113 loses a track, breaks a track shoe or the vehicle throws a track, extreme caution must be exercised in maintaining control. The driver must immediately release the accelerator and let the vehicle coast to a stop. Applying braking action, i.e. brake pedal, laterals, pivot or any type of steering controls causes the vehicle to pull to the active or good track and could result in a roll-over. If it is absolutely necessary, the driver may apply braking action only, and only if the vehicle is approaching a ravine, a cliff, or if other catastrophic outcome, probably resulting in fatalities. When roll-over is imminent; it is safer to stay in the vehicle than to try to get out while the vehicle is still moving. Crew members may receive slight injuries from being thrown against metal parts, but if they try to leave the vehicle, it may roll over and crush them. Once the vehicle stops moving, the crew should get out as fast as possible because spilled fuel and oil may catch on fire. The first thing the driver should do in such an emergency is shut off the engine and turn off the master switch to minimize the fire hazard.

    Defense News reported in Feb 2003 that the long awaited report on the side by side Stryker vs. M113A3, proved that the Styrker was the superior war fighting vehicle for BCT. The report was submitted to DoD on 20 Dec 2002 and the results were then submitted to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. The Army's study judged the two vehicles on performance and cost. Styrker is superior in speed, armor, gas mileage, noise, comfort, and target aquisition. The M113A3 was better in turning, operating in water, and range. However, there were complaints that the testing was skewed to favor the Stryker persisted.


    M113A3 Gavin on C-17


    Specifications: M113A3 Armored Personnel Carrier, a full-tracked armored personnel carrier provides protected transportation and cross country mobility for personnel and cargo.

    A light armored vehicle weighing 27,200 pounds, it carries 11 infantry personnel in addition to the vehicle driver and track commander. It is capable of sustained speeds of 41 mph on level roads and accelerates from 0 to 35 mph in 27 seconds (this compares to 69 seconds for the M113A2).

    The M113A3 is a product improved version of the M113A2 with improved transmission and engine. The U.S. Army first identified the need to up-power the M113A2 carrier in the mid-1970s. This need was driven by increases in vehicle weight and a requirement to increase the mobility and survivability of the system. As a result, the "RISE" powertrain was developed and tested at Yuma and Aberdeen Proving Grounds. However, application of the new powertrain was deferred due to a lack of funds.

    In 1984 a decision was made to incorporate the RISE package, improved driver controls, spall liners, external fuel tanks and provisions for installation of an external armor kit on an M113 chassis. Additionally, a bolt-on armor kit providing 14.5 mm ballistic protection was developed and tested. Except for the mounting provisions the external armor applique was not incorporated for production.

    The new X200-4/4A hydrostatic steer transmission permits use of a more powerful engine, the 275 HP turbocharged Detroit Diesel 6V53T, and eliminates the transfer case and controlled differential. The RISE powerpack increases fuel economy, acceleration, hill climbing speed and braking capabilities and allows the vehicle to maintain speed through corners by accelerating the outer track rather than braking the inner track as on the A2. The increase in horsepower also allows installation of an external armor kit (which increases the gross vehicle weight to 31,000 pounds) and provides mobility comparable to currently fielded vehicles such as the M1 tank and M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles.

    Steering is improved with an automotive-type steering yoke and foot brake arrangement which improves driver control, lessens fatigue and simplifies driver training from that of the A1/A2 steering/braking laterals. Due to load matching ability and increased steering capability, cross country performance is also improved.

    Crew survivability is increased by the addition of spall suppression liners and locating the fuel tanks externally, on the rear of the vehicle. The inside of the vehicle (sides, roof and rear) are covered with spall suppression liners which limit troop injuries from the effect of overmatching weapons by restricting the spread of spall when a round penetrates the hull. External fuel tanks free up 16 cubic feet of usable space inside the vehicle and reduce the fire hazard inside the crew compartment. Two tanks and independent valving provide redundancy in the fuel system allowing continued operation when one tank is damaged.

    External differences between M113A2 and M113A3
    • - external fuel tanks
    • - provisions for the installation of an add-on-armor kit
    The M113A3 was type classified Standard. All new APC vehicles produced since 1987 and all converted vehicles since 1989 are the A3 variant. Vehicles have been fielded both in the U.S. and in foreign countries. The M113A3 was initially fielded in 1987 and U.S. production of new M113A3s was completed in 1992. M113A3s are currently being produced for Thailand as a direct sale. Conversion of M113A2 vehicles to M113A3 vehicles has been underway at United Defense, L.P. since 1994. Previously, conversions of M113A2 vehicles to M113A3 vehicles were completed at Red River and Mainz Army Depots, as well as in Korea.

    M113A3 Characteristics: From M113A Website. (See Randy's Tactical Site for photos of various configurations.)

    General

    Weight, combat loaded 27,180 lb. (12,329 kg)
    Maximum weight 31,000 lb. (14,061 kg)
    Net weight 23,880 lb. (10,832 kg)
    Air drop weight 22,128 lb. (10,037 kg)
    Personnel capacity 13
    Fuel tank capacity 95 gallons (360 liters)
    Ground pressure 8.63 psi (0.60 kg/cm2)

    Performance

    Speed on land 41 mi/h (66 km/h)
    Speed in water, with track 3.6 mi/h (5.8 km/h)
    Cruising range 300 mi (483 km)
    Turning radius Pivot to infinite
    Slope 60%
    Side slope 40%
    Trench crossing 66 in. (168 cm)
    Vertical wall climbing 24 in. (61 cm)
    Braking (20-0 mi/h) 40 ft.

    Engine

    Make and model Detroit Diesel 6V53T
    Displacement318 in.3 (5.2 liter)
    Fuel Diesel (DF2)
    Rated horsepower 275 hp
    Gross horsepower-to-weight ratio 20.2 hp/ton

    Transmission, Automatic

    Make and model Allison X200-4B
    Type Hydrokinetic
    Steering Hydrostatic
    Brake type Multiple wet plate


    Running Gear

    Suspension Torsion bar
    Road wheels 5 per side, 24 inch diameter (61 cm)
    Track type Steel single pin, detachable rubber pad
    Number of shoes 63 left, 64 right
    Track pitch 6 in. (15.2 cm)
    Track width 15 in. (38 cm)
    Shock absorbers 3 per side
    Wheel travel 9.0 in. (22.9 cm)

    Electrical System

    Generator

    Amperes 200, 300 optional
    Volts, dc 28
    Batteries 4, type 6TL, 120 amp-hr, 12-volt each
    Armament 50 cal MG 2,000 ready rds.

    Armor

    Basic hull 5083 Aluminum
    Bolt-on armor kit Steel armor
    Mine armor Steel armor
    Gun shield kit Steel armor
    Spall suppressant Composite panel


    Fire Extinguishers

    Fixed 5 lb. (2.3 kg) CO2 for engine compartment
    Portable 5 lb. (2.3 kg) CO2

    M109A6 Paladin Self Propelled Howitzer:

    The USFK is equipped with Paladin anti-artillery guns that can trace enemy shells back to the guns and fire shells at the enemy guns with pin-point accuracy. The Paladins in the Iraq War are credited with the reason that Iraqi artillery did not fire upon the advancing columns of U.S. forces. To do so meant instant death.

    Specifications: The M109A6 Paladin Self-Propelled Howitzer provides a revolutionary advance in performance, responsiveness and survivability over older M109s. Able to operate independently, it has a firing range up to 30 km with the standard M284 39-caliber 155mm main armament.

    From the move, the M109A6 Paladin can receive a fire mission, compute firing data, select and take up firing positions, automatically unlock and point its cannon, fire the first round in under 60 seconds and move -- day or night. This "shoot and scoot" capability not only significantly improves responsiveness to calls for fire, it also protects the vehicle and crew from counterbattery fire, significantly improving survivability.


    M109A6 Paladin and M992 FAASV-5 Support Vehicle

    Paladin features include an Automatic Fire Control System with onboard ballistic computation and automatic weapon pointing, an integrated inertial navigation system with embedded GPS processing, NBC protection with climate control, hydraulics system segregation, and secure voice and digital communications. Hull, turret, suspension and automotive upgrades significantly increase reliability, providing 40 percent greater operational availability than previous versions of the M109. On board, embedded electronic diagnostics improve maintenance and repair functions.

    Paladin M109A6 is a cannon artillery system developed by the Ground System Division of United Defense L.P. and manufactured at the Paladin Production Operation centre at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Paladin was first fielded in 1994 and is operational with the United States Army and the Israeli Army, and has been selected by the Kuwait and Taiwan. In June 1999, the US Army received the last of 950 Paladin M109A6 ordered. Seven systems were ordered in July 2000 for the US Army National Guard and a further 18 systems in January 2002.

    Paladin is operated by a crew of four, a commander, driver, gunner and loader. Paladin is able to operate independently with no external technical assistance. The crew are able to receive mission data via a secure voice and digital communications system, compute the firing data, automatically unlock the cannon from the travel lock, point the cannon and fire, and move to a new location without external technical assistance. Paladin M109A6 fires the first round from the move in under 60 seconds. The "shoot and scoot" capability protects the crew from counterbattery fire.

    ARMAMENT

    The 39 calibre 155mm M284 cannon which is fitted with an M182 gun mount, has a range of 24km using unassisted rounds or 30km using assisted rounds. The projectile loading can be carried out using the full stroke hydraulic system, or a semi-automatic loading system is optional. Paladin M109A6 achieves a maximum firing rate of up to 8 rounds per minute or 3 rounds per 15 seconds, and a sustained firing rate of 1 round per three minutes. The gun is operated with an automatic fire control system with ballistic computer, fitted with an optical backup.

    The vehicle's inertial positioning and navigation system is integrated with the automatic fire control system. A 12.7mm M2 machine gun is mounted on the right hand side of the turret.

    SELF-PROTECTION

    The crew remains in the vehicle throughout the mission. Protection against nuclear, chemical and biological warfare is installed with individual crew protection systems with temperature controlled (hot and cold) air. The turret is fitted with Kevlar spall suppression lining for additional ballistic protection.

    COMMUNICATIONS

    The Paladin is equipped with a secure voice and digital communications suite including the VIC-1 Intercom, VRC-89 or the SINCGARS single channel ground and airborne radio subsystem.

    PROPULSION

    The Paladin vehicle is powered by a 2 cycle diesel, 440 horsepower, DDEC 8V71T engine from Detroit Diesel Corporation, and an Allison ATD-XTG-411-4 transmission with four forward and two reverse gears. The suspension system is based on high strength torsion bars with high capacity shock absorbers. The vehicle has a range of 214 miles with a maximum speed of 40 miles per hour.

    The electrical power supply is rated at 650 amps, 24V DC.
    Manufacturer United Defense, L.P. (York, PA) TRW (Carson City, CA)
    Crew 4 (accompanying M992 FAASV-5)
    Weight empty (approx.) 56,400 lbs
    Weight combat-loaded (approx.) 63,615 lbs
    Propulsion 2 cycle diesel, 440 horsepower, Detroit Diesel Corp. DDEC 8V71T Allison ATD-XTG-411-4 transmission
    Cruise Range 186 miles
    Fuel Capacity 133 gallons
    Max speed (Highway) 38 mph
    Max speed (Off-road) 19mph
    Into action time 45 seconds from a complete stop
    Armament (Main) 155 mm, 39 caliber, Gun Mount M284 cannon assembly, fitted with the M182A1 mount
    Armament (Secondary) 0.50 caliber M2 MG
    Extended Range 30 km with HE RAP and M203 propellant.
    Max unassisted Range 22,000 m
    Max assisted Range 30,000 m
    Minimum Range 4,000 m
    Max Rate of Fire 4 rds/min for three minutes
    Sustained Rate of Fire 1 rd/min (dependent on thermal warning device)
    (NOTE: M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle is basically the chassis of a standard M109 155mm self-propelled howitzer with the turret replaced by a fully enclosed superstructure. Inside this superstructure, which has the same protection as the rest of the vehicle, can be stacked 93 155 mm projectiles, 99 propellant charges and 104 fuzes. The ammunition can be loaded into the superstructure by a front-mounted crane and is fed from the vehicle along a conveyor to the recipient self-propelled howitzer; this crane was not fitted to US Army M992 vehicles but is offered for export. All ammunition handling within the M992 is mechanical. In use, the M992 backs up to the user M109 and the conveyor delivers the 155 mm ammunition at the rate of up to 8 rounds/minute to the M109 bustle or lower hatches. The M992 can have a crew of two plus six passengers and the weight fully loaded is 25,900 kg. Intended primarily for use with M109 field units, the M992 can also be used by units with 175 mm, 203 mm, 120 mm and 105 mm self-propelled weapons. With 203mm units the M992 can carry 48 203 mm projectiles, 53 charges and 56 fuzes.)

    M270 MLRS Self-Propelled Loader/Launcher (SPLL):

    Specifications: The following information is from FAS: M270 MLRS Self-Propelled Loader/Launcher (SPLL) : The MLRS M270 Launcher, a derivative of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV), is the standard U.S. Army platform for firing surface to surface artillery rockets and missiles. The Armored Vehicle Mounted Rocket Launcher (M270) is a full-tracked, self-propelled launcher/loader designed to launch 12 tactical rockets and re-deploy before enemy determination of launch position (shoot and scoot). The launch platform is also used to launch the Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) and is capable of launching all M270 Family of Munitions (MFOM) tactical rocket/missile variants. The launcher consists of six rockets, each of which are mounted and controlled in both azimuth and elevation. It has an automated control system for aiming that automatically corrects for launcher cant and ambient temperature, a directional reference system to obtain azimuth elevation and cant angles, and a FCS which is operated from a man-rated vehicle cab. The launcher platform structure provides a "self-loading" capability.


    ATACMS

    The M270 launcher has a maximum speed of 64 Km/hour, with a maximum range of 435 Km. It is capable of climbing a 60 degree slope and a one meter wall. Ordnance options include the MFOM (all variants of the MLRS rocket and Army TACMS missile). The M270 can load, arm, and fire a 12 rocket ripple within ripple within five minutes. M270 launchers are deployed three per battery and 29 per battalion. The M270 launcher can be configured for transport by Air Force C-141 aircraft on a limited basis. The M270 launcher is also transportable by Air Force C-5 and C-17 aircraft.

    MLRS consists of a self-loading launcher with an onboard fire control system (FCS). The launcher is mounted on a mobile track vehicle that carries 12 rockets or 2 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) missiles, which can be fired individually or simultaneously. Rockets have a range beyond 30 kilometers, and the Army TACMS Block IA missile can reach to 300 kilometers.

    The M270 MLRS, or SPLL (Self-Propelled, Loader/Launcher), is made up of two major units and an electronic fire control system (FCS). The SPLL is a mobile, self-propelled, self- loading, multiple launch rocket firing unit. It provides mobile long range artillery rocket support for ground forces. The M993 Carrier Vehicle and the M269 LLM are the two major units that make up the MLRS. The FCS is a computer control system, with a built-in computer and memory system. The SPLL has a cruising range of 300 miles at speeds up to 40 miles per hour. The total MLRS weights approximately 52,990 pounds.

    The second multiyear procurement contract for FY89-93 was awarded in July 1989 for MLRS. The US initial operational capability for MLRS was achieved in 1983. Starting in FY89, MLRS has been coproduced by the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy. As of September 1995, a total of 857 launchers have been delivered, 772 to the active Army and 185 to the National Guard.

    M270A1 Upgrade

    The Multiple Launcher Rocket System has come along way since the initial fielding of the system at Fort Riley, Kansas in the early 80's. Battle tested in the Persian Gulf, deployed to the Balkans, the Multiple Launcher Rocket System has gone through doctrinal changes and numerous software updates. The improvements that are provided by the M270A1 are both needed and crucial for the battlefield of the future. The M270A1 launcher is an upgrade to the MLRS M270 launcher designed to provide the launcher with 10-15 years of additional life. The M270A1 will be fielded to the Heavy Divisions of the Counter Attack Corps to support the Army Vision.

    The MLRS M270 launcher is being upgraded to accommodate a new MLRS family of munitions (MFOM), including the Army Tactical Missile System. The improvements provided by the M270A1 will enhance the field artillery's support to armor and infantry units to reinforce the dominant maneuver force by improving the corps commander's precision engagement capabilities for shaping the battlespace at extended ranges. The MLRS M270A1 program was fielded in September 2000. The state-of-the-art enhancements will eventually be incorporated into the entire US inventory of launchers, which exceeds 900.

    • 1QFY98 IFCS Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) Decision
    • 2QFY99 Combined IFCS/ILMS operational test
    • 3QFY00 First unit equipped M270A1
    • 2QFY98 - First Extended Range Rocket MLRS rocket delivery
    The M270A1 program includes two major upgrades to the current M270 launcher. Current plans for improvement to the system include the Improved Fire Control System (IFCS), the Improved Mechanical Launch System (ILMS), and the extended range rocket (ER-MLRS). An MLRS initiative to examine potential obsolescence revealed that by the year 2003, 92 percent of the microcircuits used in the system would no longer be available. To combat the growing obsolescence, the Army initiated the IFCS program with a Milestone II in 4QFY92. The IFCS will mitigate electronic obsolescence currently existing in the fire control system and will accommodate the needs of the MFOM weapon systems under development and provide growth for future weapon systems. Additionally, analysis following Operation Desert Storm identified a requirement for faster prosecution of highly mobile, short dwell targets by the M270 Launcher. In 4QFY95, the Program Manager, MLRS received approval to proceed with the ILMS program. The ILMS will provide rapid responses to time critical targets by reducing time to aim by 70% and by reducing reload times by 50%. The ER-MLRS will extend the current range of the basic rocket from 31.8 KM to a new range of approximately 45+ KM. The IFCS, the ILMS, and the ER-MLRS are in the Engineering and Manufacturing Development Phase.

    The Improved Fire Control System (IFCS) replaces obsolete, maintenance-intensive hardware and software, providing growth potential for future munitions and the potential for reduced launcher operation and support costs. A Global Positioning System-aided navigation system for the launcher is being developed as part of IFCS to supplement the existing inertial position-navigation system. The IFCS modification will upgrade the electronic and navigation equipment, revise the software architecture, and add the capability of sensing local meteorological conditions at 100 meters above ground level. This latter capability is intended to improve rocket accuracy by providing current, low-level wind measurements to the launcher just before launch.

    The Improved Launcher Mechanical System (ILMS) is designed to decrease the time required to aim and load the launcher. This is achieved by providing a faster launcher drive system that moves simultaneously in azimuth and elevation. ILMS is expected to reduce the traverse time from the stowed position to worst case aimpoint by approximately 80 percent. It will also decrease the mechanical system contribution to reload time by about 40 percent. The reduction in time spent at the launch and reload points is intended to increase survivability.

    In addition to the IFCS and ILMS modifications, the M270A1 program includes the remanufacture of selected components and the application of selected Engineering Change Proposals to the basic M270 launcher to bring all launchers to the same configuration.

    An M270A1 System Integration Update briefing was presented to COL (P) Holly, the Program Executive Officer (PEO), Tactical Missiles on 26 April 1999. This briefing addressed the status of Improved Launcher Mechanical System (ILMS) qualification testing, and system level testing to date. The M270A1 Acquisition Strategy is a three-phase strategy with Phases I & II completed and is on track to meet the Phase III which is the Milestone III Full Rate Production Decision in FY 00. The Phase III decision authority has been delegated to the COL (P) Holly by the Army Acquisition Decision Authority.

    The M270A1 Logistics Demonstration (Log Demo) began 25 Oct 98 and was completed on 15 Jan 99 successfully accomplishing 239 maintenance tasks, 10 of these tasks were performed in MOPP IV. Soldiers from Ft. Sill, OK (13M-operator and 27M-maintainer) participated in the Logistics Demonstration. The soldiers had no problems using the M270A1 Interactive Electronic Technical Manual (IETM) or the SPORT lightweight computer. The outcome of this extensive Logistics Demonstration indicates the M270A1 is supportable by the soldier in the field today.

    The M270A1 began the Developmental Test/Operational Test (DT/OT) flight phase of the Operational Test (OT) in Apr 99. The DT/OT flight phase tests have included the successful firings of MLRS M26, M28 rockets, and Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Block I and IA missions at White Sands Missile Range. Flight test firings included Development Test firings of MLRS Guided Rocket (FY 00). The biggest difference for crews is learning a "Windows based operating system," which replaces the FCP (Fire Control Panel).

    Understanding this new keyboard is the key to navigating through M270A1 operations. From startup to maintenance, to putting a rocket down range, the crews of the new M270A1 launcher will undergo an extensive training period. A transition course is being developed to ensure that all 13M crewmembers are proficient in the M270A1 operations. Maintenance for the M270A1 will be a major change, as the old M5988E will be replaced with a disk that is an IETM (Interactive Electronic Technical Manual). Soldiers will also harness a SPORT (Soldier Portable On-System Repair Tool). Remember that soldiers are still going to need wrenches, rags, and a set of coveralls to do proper maintenance. The same Bradley chassis that has been the MLRS foundation is still around.

    Some of the major changes for the A1 launcher is an improved mechanical system and improved position navigation. Combined with the improvements in the Fire Control System and advanced mission software the time it takes to aim the launcher at the furthest aim point is reduced from 93 to 16 seconds. This reduces time at the launch site by 60%, an important factor in MLRS vulnerability. Due to the changes, which were made in the system hydraulics, the launcher reload times have been reduced by 38%. This, again, represents a vast improvement in MLRS survivability.

    Patriot PAC-3:

    Patriot PAC-3: The Patriot batteries are currently stationed at Kunsan AB; Osan AB; Camp Carroll; and Suwon AB. (See Kunsan AB: Patriot Batteries for Kunsan Patriot unit.) (SITE NOTE: The PAC-3 that is in Korea was under close scrutiny by the world following the shootdown of a British Tornado during the opening days of the Iraq War in Mar 2003. In Jul 2003, the crew of the PAC-3 system was exonerated of charges leading to the shootdown. This created a furor since the crew was relieved of all blame, this only leads to a system or design fault that could have caused the problem. Others felt that this was a coverup on the U.S. part and British protests were lodged immediately after the announcement of the crew's exoneration.)


    Patriot Missile

    PATRIOT ADVANCED CAPABILITY (PAC-3)

    According to Arms Control.org The Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) is a tactical system designed to defend overseas U.S. and allied troops in a relatively small area against short-range missile threats (such as Scuds), enemy aircraft, and cruise missiles. Developmentally, it is the most advanced U.S. missile defense system, and a small number have been made available for deployment although testing has not yet been completed.

    PAC-3 flight testing began in 1997. From 1997 to 2002, 11 developmental flight tests were conducted, including four flight intercept tests with two or three targets being attempted at once. Most of these tests were successful, but in two of the tests one of the targets was not intercepted. In February, PAC-3 began initial operational testing, in which soldiers, not contractors, operate the system. Three operational tests have been conducted, all with multiple targets. In each, one of the targets has been missed or one of the interceptors has failed.

    A year ago, PAC-3 was planned to begin full-rate production at the end of 2001. However, problems with system reliability and difficulties in flight intercept tests have delayed that schedule. This means that full-rate production likely will be delayed until more stressing "follow-on" operational tests can be conducted against targets flying in a wide range of altitudes and trajectories. In March, Lieutenant General Ronald Kadish, who heads U.S. missile defense programs, testified to Congress that the full-rate production decision would be made toward the end of 2002 (before operational testing has been completed), representing a delay of about a year since last year. The full system will be deployed once all operational testing has been completed, perhaps around 2005.

    A future version of PAC-3 is being considered for terminal defense of the United States. However, PAC-3 was not designed to counter long-range threats, and no flight intercept tests have been conducted to demonstrate how it might be incorporated in a terminal defense layer. Further, the ground area that can be defended by PAC-3 is so small that it would take scores of systems to defend just the major U.S. cities. A version of PAC-3 that could be effective in a national missile defense is probably a decade away.

    The PAC-3 missile has increased effectiveness against tactical ballistic and cruise missiles, through the use of advanced hit-to-kill technology. Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor with Raytheon the systems integrator. The PAC-3 has a Ka-band millimetre wave seeker developed by Boeing. The missile guidance system enables target destruction through the kinetic energy released by hitting the target head-on. In January 2000, Lockheed Martin received a contract for the low rate initial production of 20 PAC-3 systems. In July 2000, the PAC-3 missile successfully destroyed a cruise missile target during trials. The US Army is planning to field the first PAC-3 systems by the end of 2002. The Netherlands and South Korea have requested sales of PAC-3 missiles and Lockheed Martin and EADS (formerly DaimlerChrysler Aerospace) have established a joint venture company for the production of the system for the German Air Force.

    Because of these stumbling blocks with the Theater High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) development, the deployment of the Patriot systems to Korea is intended to open the door to sales of the Patriot systems to Korea and Japan until the THAAD (or NMD/MDS) was on-line. Korea seeks a four-target simultaneous engagement capability from short-listed SAM/ABM contenders. Korea is interested in procuring 14 Raytheon/Lockheed Martin Patriot PAC-3 fire units costing $4.2 billion -- along with the EUROSAM Aster-based Land system, and Russia's Antei S-300V (SA-12 "Gladiator"). Supposedly, both Korea and Japan have firm orders for the Patriot PAC-3s.

    The PAC-3 is a lower-tier system and appears to hold out the best possibility of successfully intercepting the existing Third World missile threats armed with single warheads. (Missiles armed with sub-munitions released after the boost phase would defeat any known kinetic energy missile defense system.) These Third World 300- to 1000-kilometer-range missiles will represent a challenge, but one which the PAC-3 should be capable of intercepting. The new ERINT missile for the system successfully intercepted two targets (although at relatively short ranges) in a shoot-off with the Patriot multi-mode missile in 1993, and scored a success its first system test in March 1999. The Navy Area-Wide system (an upgrade to the AEGIS radar system and Standard missile) and the multi-national MEADS program are also aimed at these lower-range threats, though these are significantly behind the Patriot development time tables

    The PAC-3 rely on previously developed radar and hardware systems and, because they intercept their targets within the atmosphere after any decoys deployed would have been stripped away, they do not encounter the difficult discrimination problems facing higher, outside the atmosphere interceptors. Countermeasures remain one of the major unsolved technical barriers to effective missile defense despite decades of effort.

    The irony of this announcement was that the U.S. was promoting bringing in PAC-3 Patriots to defend Korea while Korea was postponing their procurement of the PAC-3 -- over the objections of the ROKAF -- until 2006. Korea's five-year-plan, which was approved by the National Security Council and the president in May, contains a delay in the launch of the SAM-X project from 2004 to 2006, rejecting the ROKAF's proposal from last year. At the time the ROKAF said the SAM-X project for introducing 48 Patriot missiles to make up for outdated Nike Hercules surface-to-air missiles should begin before the E-X project (AWACS aircraft) -- which the ROKAF proposed 2007 as the starting point. Military sources said the ministry stood by the decision made last year to start the E-X project first in 2005, as starting the SAM-X project would refuel the controversy surrounding the U.S.-Patriots, the quality of which had come into question by civic groups.

    According to U.S. National Missile Defense: Views From Asia:

    Reaction to NMD. NMD and TMD, in an unusual way, supports the attainment of South Korea's national interest. Until last year, South Korea's Ministry of Defense explored participation in U.S. TMD or even the purchase of systems from Russia and Israel. Then, in March 1999, the Ministry announced it would not participate in the U.S. TMD program, citing its high costs, unproven technology, and the fact that Korean geography precludes an effective TMD system since Seoul is too close to the de-militarized zone (DMZ) for it to stop incoming short-range missiles.

    In effect, South Korea decided to "let the U.S. do it," including going ahead with NMD (about which Seoul has little comment), and with good reason.

    General Thomas Schwartz, commander of U.S. forces in Korea, testified before a congressional committee that he strongly supports tiered land and sea TMD systems for the defense of South Korea and the 37,000 American troops stationed there. A TMD system deployed by the United States to protect its troops would also protect most of South Korea, and without cost. Furthermore, a TMD under sole U.S. control and linked to an anti-DPRK NMD, while it would protect the South, signals to the North that the South sees Pyongyang fading as an enemy and that the South has less of a need to threaten the North's deterrent missile capability. South Korea also shelved its plan to extend the range of its own ballistic missiles and has scaled back its August 2000 military exercises with the United States. Giving up TMD encourages more friendly exchanges. And it gives the South a bargaining chip, which tells the North that if it reduces its threat, makes peace, and opens its society, then the U.S. can take its troops and TMD and eventually depart. If, on the other hand, North Korea reverts to hostility, then American troops and their TMD will remain.

    By rejecting participation in the U.S. TMD, South Korea can have its cake and eat it, too.
    In Korea, the NGO activist groups viewed signing on to the MDS would be the same as giving the U.S. unilateral assertiveness and global hegemony. After the U.S. The anti-War movement led by Kunsan's Rev. Mun Chon-Hyun, protested the MDS in 2001 at Kunsan's main gate. The protests heated up when the U.S. announced in December 2001, that the U.S. would withdraw from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, ostensibly because the treaty was restricting testing of mobile missile defenses against ICBMs. On 26 Jun, a small demonstration was held in Seoul protesting the "MD" (Missile Defense) that the ROK admitted that there was a need for. (Go to Kunsan AB Protests (2002) for more information on videos of this demonstration.)

    PAC-3 Deployed in Korea The anti-missile system can hit ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and aircraft. The Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) system was part of an $11 billion plan to enhance US defenses in the ROK. "The upgraded Patriot system will bring enhanced defensive capabilities to the peninsula as well as contribute to the overall deterrence US forces bring to the alliance (with South Korea)," the 8th US Army said in a statement. "Part of the upgrade and new enhanced capabilities include the hit-to-kill technology to destroy incoming ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and aircraft," it said. An army public affairs official said the system had been deployed in July but had not been publicized until now because troops were being trained to operate the mobile air defense system. They are now trained. The PAC-3 fits 16 missiles into a launcher, compared with four on earlier versions. Each missile destroys its target through force of impact but also includes a conventional warhead that blasts fragments to destroy aircraft and cruise missiles.

    The following was from the 17 Sep Choson Ilbo

    USFK Completes Patriot PAC-3 Deployment

    by Yoo Yong-won (kysu@chosun.com)

    The U.S. Forces Korea has completed its deployment here of the latest Patriot PAC-3 anti-ballistic missiles, which have an improved missile-interception capability over the earlier generation PAC-2 model.

    Steve Boylan, information officer of the U.S. 8th Army command, said Tuesday that the PAC-3s had replaced some of the old PAC-2 missiles at the first artillery battalion of 43rd anti-aircraft artillery regiment. He said that introduction of PAC-3 missiles is part of more than 150 plans on which the U.S. military will spend $11 billion by 2006 to boost its war-fighting capabilities.

    The number of PAC-3 missiles deployed will not be disclosed, for security reasons, Boylan said.

    The PAC-3 Patriot missile uses the direct-hit method - meaning it strikes the target and detonates rather than getting near the target and detonating, as the PAC-2 does. It features increased accuracy and is expected to improve the USFK's ability to intercept North Korean missiles such as the SCUD and Rodong-1. The PAC-3 is 5.2 meters long and 25 centimeters in diameter and can intercept ballistic missiles up to 20 kilometers away.

    Since 1994, the USFK had deployed 48 Patriot missiles, or one battalion's worth, in Osan, Suwon and Gunsan. The 8th Army command will display the PAC-3 to the media on Thursday at Suwon Airfield.

    Avenger Pedestal Mounted Stinger:

    Avenger: The Avenger Pedestal Mounted Stinger system is a lightweight, mobile and transportable surface-to-air missile and gun weapon system, mounted on a Heavy High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). Avenger is designed to counter hostile cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and low-flying, high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters attacking or transiting friendly airspace. The Avenger, manufactured by Boeing in Huntsville, is a shoot-on-the-move, totally automated, day-and-night capable short-range air defense system. A key element of the Army's Forward Area Air Defense System, Avenger was deployed during Operation Desert Storm and in currently deployed in the Balkans.


    Avenger Stinger Launch

    Avenger fills the Line of Sight-Rear (LOS-R) portion of the Forward Area Air Defense System (FAADS). It has a two man crew and can operate in day or night, clear or adverse weather conditions. The system incorporates an operator's position with displays, fire control electronics, and the Standard Vehicle Mounted Launcher (SVML). The SVML supports and launches multiple Stinger missiles (Basic Stinger, Stinger-POST (Passive Optical Seeker Technique), or Stinger-RMP (Reprogrammable MicroProcessor). Additionally, the SVML incorporates a .50 caliber machine gun and necessary fire control sensors for both weapons. The contribution this highly mobile, short range air defense system makes to the Army's full-dimensional protection enhances the ground components prospects for dominant maneuver by preserving key elements of the force.

    The Avenger weapon system includes a 360°, rotating turret mounted on a heavy HMMWV chassis with an upgraded suspension and 200 amp alternator. The baseline configuration consists of a gunner's turret with missile pods mounted on each side. Each missile pod, called the standard vehicle-mounted launcher, can hold four missiles that can be removed and fired in the MANPAD employment configuration. The rotation of the turret and the eleva-tion of the standard vehicle-mounted launcher is accomplished by electric motors powered by batteries carried in the base of the weapons system. The vehicle's power system is in parallel with the Avenger battery set. The .50 caliber machine gun affords a measure of self-protection by providing additional coverage of the Stinger missile's inner launch boundary.

    The Avenger weapons system has an unobstructed, 360° field of fire and can engage at elevations between -10 and +70°. The modular design of Avenger allows complementary missiles and/or rockets to be installed on the launch arms in addition to (or in place of) Stinger missiles. The gunner has sufficient visibility out of the turret for visual target acquisition, tracking, and engagement. A combination glass sight is used through which the gunner looks to aim the missiles and on which a driven reticle display is projected. The driven reticle indicates the aiming point of the missile seeker to confirm to the gunner that the missile seeker is locked onto the desired target.

    Avenger's sensor package includes a forward-looking, infrared (FLIR), carbon dioxide, eye-safe laser range finder and a video autotracker. These sensors provide Avenger with a target acquisition capability in battlefield obscuration at night and in adverse weather. Range data from the laser range finder is processed by the Avenger fire control system to provide a fire permit for missile and gun use. A driven reticle and other data are displayed on the forward-looking infrared display in the same manner as the optical sight.

    The turret drive is gyro-stabilized to automatically maintain the missile pod aiming direction regardless of the vehicle motion. The turret drive control is operated by the gunner with a hand controller on which the missile and gun controls are placed. The gunner can transfer tracking control to an automatic turret drive control system that uses signals for the uncaged missile seeker of the FLIR video autotracker to track the target until the gunner is ready to fire. The firing sequence is entirely automated, including superelevation and lead, so that the gunner need merely push the fire button to initiate the fire sequence and immediately select and prepare the next missile for firing. These systems enable Avenger to accurately and rapidly launch missiles.

    Avenger is equipped with two VHF-FM frequency-hopping radios (i.e., SINCGARS) and an integrated remote terminal unit. When this capability is tied into the Marine air command and control system, Avenger can be configured to automatically slew to a target that appears on the radar display. This capability is known as "slew to cue." Targets pointed out by ground-based air defense units, tactical air operations center operators, or the LAAD section leader can be accepted or rejected by the gunner. Until the gunner responds to the cue, the gunner maintains complete control of the Avenger turret. If the gunner accepts a pointer, the turret automatically slews to the azimuth of the target. The gunner then resumes control of the turret and completes the engagement process by acquiring, tracking, and engaging the target. "Slew to cue" is a capability inherent to any radar picture.

    Avenger completed a two phase IOT&E in 1989. Phase I consisted of acquisition and tracking trials at Fort Hunter-Liggett. Phase II consisted of Stinger missile firings at White Sands Missile Range. The Avenger system was found to be operationally effective by DOT&E in the B-LRIP to Congress dated February 28, 1990. Avenger was found to be operationally suitable with some limiting factors. These limiting factors were: back blast damage to the cab at some firing azimuths and elevations; excessive hydrogen chloride gas levels in the cab; need for a improved voltage regulator; and the need for an environmental control unit/ primary power unit (ECU/PPU) for the gunner's cupola.

    The Army reports that they have corrected the limiting factors. Prior to fielding, Boeing reinforced the vehicle doors to prevent back blast damage. Also, cab openings and doors received new seals or gaskets to reduce the HCL gas levels. A retrofit was performed to address the voltage regulator problem. A redesigned regulator and a larger alternator were installed on all fielded vehicles, while the new items were cut into production.

    An ECU/PPU design was tested and found to address the heat build-up in the cupola. During testing, the ECU/PPU was found to create an EMI problem with the Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and the Radar Control Unit Video. Before fixes could be incorporated, the SBA contracted firm producing the ECU went bankrupt. An alternate source was identified when another firm purchased the defaulter. Fixes have been explored as part of the contract restart. A follow-on test was completed by Redstone Technical Test Center to verify ECU/PPU performance and compatibility. First production units have been accepted. The new ECU/PPU underwent environmental testing at RTTC, Huntsville. Since the testing used a fixture, not the system, the testing did not provide sufficient operational data needed by OPTEC and DOT&E to provide an adequate evaluation of this issue.

    OPTEC (OEC) is working with the PM to plan an ECU/PPU environmental test which satisfies the data requirements for the operational evaluators. The test and evaluation of the Avenger in accordance with the DOT&E approved TEMP dated 20 June 1987 will conclude once the ECU/PPU limiting factors outlined in the B-LRIP dated 28 February 1990 have been adequately addressed. Army testing of alternate source ECUs will examine the following questions: (1) Does the ECU cool the gunner's turret in extreme temperatures? (2) Is the ECU reliable? (3) Are there any safety problems with the ECU? (4) Does the ECU degrade the operational capabilities of the Avenger, for example, the range of the SINCGARS radios? Technical testing to date has addressed these questions, however the Army has yet to test a "production representative" item. When Army technical testing is complete, data will be provided to OPTEC and DOT&E for review and assessment. When the B-LRIP limiting factors have been completely addressed, Avenger will be dropped from DOT&E oversight.

    The AVENGER is operated by a two-man crew. The gunner operates from inside the turret, and the driver operates from the driver's compartment. The health hazard assessment identified heat stress as a potential health hazard. Testing indicated that both the gunner and driver became uncomfortably hot following 60 minutes of firing when the outside temperatures near 85¡F. When the gunner and driver operated in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP), significantly higher heat loads were observed. Actual firing missions for the AVENGER may last up to 12 hours, and the associated heat loads on the gunner and driver may be well in excess of acceptable levels. The health hazard assessment report recommended installation of a cooling system at all crew positions.

    In early 1999 the Army exercised a $14.6 million option on future production of an upgrade kit for Avenger air defense units that will greatly increased their effectiveness beginning 1st Qtr FY00. The Slew-To-Cue (STC) subsystem, a major upgrade enhancement to the Avenger, is expected to improve Avenger's target acquisition, tracking and engagement range by about 50 percent while increasing the number of engagements and kills by more than 50 percent. The system will also significantly improve Avenger's battlespace performance. Using STC, the Avenger will be able to accept digital early warning data and automatically slew the turret in both azimuth and elevation, centering the target in the gunner's field of view. Targeting data is provided by Forward Area Air Defense (FAAD) Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C3I). The FAAD C3I equipment provides early warning/alerting, a complete air picture, slew-to-cue and target IFF information. This improvement not only improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the Avenger, but also allows it to kill the broadening spectrum of 21st century threats, including CMs and UAVs. The $14.6 million contract is for low-rate initial production, full production, contractor logistic support for approximately 100 Avenger fire units.

    Apache Longbow:

    Apache Longbow AH-64D: The USFK relies on 24 AH-64A Apache and 48 AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters to kill North Korean tanks. Each Apache carries 16 Hellfire anti-tank missiles.

    The AH-64D Apache Longbow (Apache Longbow Team, AMSTA-LC-CSAL) is an improved variation of the AH-64A Apache aircraft modified to integrate the mast mounted Longbow fire control radar with the Hellfire Missile System. Longbow is the result of a development and acquisition program for a millimeter wave radar air/ground targeting system capable of being used in day or night, in adverse weather, and through battlefield obscurants. In operational tests along side the AH-64A Apache at Ft. Hunter, California in 1995, it was determined that the AH-64D Apache Longbow is four times more lethal and seven times more survivable the the AH-64A Apache. The Apaches are currently at Camp Eagle with the 1st Squadron, 6th Cavalry Rgt (24 - AH-64A); Camp Humpherys with the 3rd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Rgt (24 - AH-64D); and Camp Page with the 1st BN, 2nd Aviation Rgt (24 - AH-64D).

    Type: Attack helicopter
    Entered Service: 1984
    Armaments: Hellfire Missile; 2.75 folding fin aerial rockets; 30mm chain gun
    Length: 49 feet 5 inches
    Weight: 17,650 lbs.
    Max Speed: 232 mph
    Max Range: 380 miles
    Crew: 2

    The AH-64 Apache is The Army's heavy division/corps attack helicopter. The Longbow remanufacture effort incorporates a millimeter wave fire control radar (FCR), radar frequency interferometer (RFI), fire-and-forget radar-guided HELLFIRE missile and cockpit management and digitization enhancements.

    The combination of the FCR, RFI, and the advanced navigation and avionics suite of the aircraft provide increased situational awareness, lethality and survivability. The AH-64 D is manned by a crew of 2, has a combat mission speed of 167 mph and a combat range of 300 miles.

    In addition, there may be an improved armament for the Apache. American troops in Iraq made first use of a new kind of helicopter-launched Hellfire missile, according to Donald Rumsfeld. The AGM-114N Metal Augmented Charge Hellfire uses a thermobaric warhead, which creates a blast wave that kills people while leaving a building, bunker or cave intact. In May 2003 Donald Rumsfeld said the new missile "can take out the first floor of a building without damaging the floors above, and is capable of reaching around corners, striking enemy forces that hide in caves or bunkers and hardened multiroom complexes." Marine Corps AH-1 Cobra helicopters used the missile in Iraq. These missiles would be ideally suited to the North Korean artillery and invasion tunnels along the DMZ.)


    UH-64 Apache Longbow


    UH-60 Blackhawk:

    UH-60 Blackhawk: Description: The Black Hawk is the Army's front-line utility helicopter used for air assault, air cavalry, and aeromedical evacuation units. It is designed to carry 11 combat-loaded, air assault troops, and it is capable of moving a 105-millimeter howitzer and 30 rounds of ammunition. First deployed in 1978, the Black Hawk's advanced technology makes it easy to maintain in the field. The Black Hawk has performed admirably in a variety of missions, including air assault, air cavalry and aeromedical evacuations. In addition, modified Black Hawks operate as command and control, electronic warfare, and special operations platforms.


    UH-60 Blackhawk

    The Black Hawk is the primary division-level transport helicopter, providing dramatic improvements in troop capacity and cargo lift capability compared to the UH-1 Series "Huey" it replaces. The UH-60A, with a crew of three, can lift an entire 11-man fully-equipped infantry squad in most weather conditions. It can be configured to carry four litters, by removing eight troop seats, in the MedEval role. Both the pilot and co-pilot are provided with armor-protective seats. Protective armor on the Black Hawk can withstand hits from 23mm shells. The Black Hawk has a cargo hook for external lift missions. The Black Hawk has provisions for door mounting of two M60D 7.62mm machine guns on the M144 armament subsystem, and can disperse chaff and infrared jamming flares using the M130 general purpose dispenser. The Black Hawk has a composite titanium and fiberglass four-bladed main rotor, is powered by two General Electric T700-GE-700 1622 shp turboshaft engines, and has a speed of 163 mph (142 knots).

    Elements of the U.S. Army Aviation UH-60A/l Blackhawk helicopter fleet will begin reaching their sevice life goal of 25 years in 2002. In order for the fleet to remain operationally effective through the time period 2025-2030 the aircraft will need to go through an inspection, refurbishment, and modernization process that will validate the structural integrity of the airframe, incorporate improvements in sub-systems so as to reduce maintenance requirements, and modernize the mission equipment and avionics to the levels compatible with Force XXI and A